Related tags: chemical analysis, syllabus questions, Mass spectroscopyPAPER 1– SECTION A1. General information on science and its interface with society to test the candidate’s awareness of science, aptitude of scientific and quantitative reasonsing.2. COMMON ELEMENTRY COMPUTER SCIENCE ( Applicable to all candidates offering subject areas ).3. History of development of computers, Mainframe, Mini, Micro’s and Super Computer Systems.4. General awareness of computer Hardware i..e. CPU and other peripheral devices ( input / output and auxiliary storage devices ).5. Basic knowledge of computer systems, software and programming languages i.e. Machine language, Assembly language and higher level language.6. General awareness of popular commercial...
Mechanism of Diels-Alder reaction
Diels-Alder reactionThis reaction was discovered by two German chemists named Otto Diels and Kurt Alder. Conjugated dienes undergo a cycloaddition reaction with multiple bonds to form unsaturated six-membered rings. This reaction involves the 1,4-addition of a diene and a dienophile. This reaction proved to be of great importance as yield was 100% and hence they received the Nobel Prize in 1950.Reaction mechanismThe Diels-Alder reaction is a thermal cycloaddition whose mechanism involves the sigma-overlap...
Photochromic materials
Photochromic materialsPhotochromic molecules can belong to various classes: triarylmethanes, stilbenes, azastilbenes, nitrones, fulgides, spiropyrans, naphthopyrans, spiro-oxazines, quinones.Spiropyrans and SpriooxazinesSpiro-mero photochromism.One of the oldest, and perhaps the most studied, families of photochromes are the spiropyrans. Very closely related to these are the spirooxazines. For example, the spiro form of an oxazine is a colorless leuco dye; the conjugated system of the oxazine and...
Photochromism
PhotochromismPhotochromism is the reversible transformation of a chemical species between two forms by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation, where the two forms have different absorption spectra. Trivially, this can be described as a reversible change of color upon exposure to light. The phenomenon was discovered in the late 1880s, including work by Markwald, who studied the reversible change of color of 2,3,4,4-tetrachloronaphthalen-1(4H)-one in the solid state. He labeled this phenomenon "phototropy", and this name was used until the 1950s when Yehuda Hirshberg, of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel proposed the term "photochromism".Photochromism can take place in both organic and inorganic compounds, and also has its place...
Fischer Indole Synthesis
Fischer Indole SynthesisOverall ReactionThis oldest indole synthesis method transforms aryl hydrazones to indoles and requires elevated temperatures and the addition of Brønsted or Lewis acids. This reaction is good for preparing 2-, 3-, 5-and 7-substituted indoles but is poorer for the preparation of 4- and 6-substituted indoles, due to lack of regioselectivity.Mechanism of Fischer Indole Synthes...
Drug Screening
Screening and DesignThe process of finding a new drug against a chosen target for a particular disease usually involves high-throughput screening (HTS), wherein large libraries of chemicals are tested for their ability to modify the target. For example, if the target is a novel GPCR, compounds will be screened for their ability to inhibit or stimulate that receptor (see antagonist and agonist): if the target is a protein kinase, the chemicals will be tested for their ability to inhibit that kinase.Another important function of HTS is to show how selective the compounds are for the chosen target. The ideal is to find a molecule which will interfere with only the chosen target, but not other, related targets. To this end, other screening runs...
Drug design | construction of drug molecule
Drug designDrug design is the approach of finding drugs by design, based on their biological targets. Typically a drug target is a key molecule involved in a particular metabolic or signalling pathway that is specific to a disease condition or pathology, or to the infectivity or survival of a microbial pathogen.Some approaches attempt to stop the functioning of the pathway in the diseased state by causing a key molecule to stop functioning.Drugs may be designed that bind to the active region and inhibit this key molecule.However these drugs would also have to be designed in such a way as not to affect any other important molecules that may be similar in appearance to the key molecules. Sequence homologies are often used to identify such risks.Other...
Rational drug design | method of drug design
Rational drug designing Unlike the historical method of drug discovery, by trial-and-error testing of chemical substances on animals, and matching the apparent effects to treatments, rational drug design begins with a knowledge of specific chemical responses in the body or target organism, and tailoring combinations of these to fit a treatment profile.Due to the complexity of the drug design process two terms of interest are still serendipity and bounded rationality. Those challenges are caused by the large chemical space describing potential new drugs without side-effects.A particular example of rational drug design involves the use of three-dimensional information about biomolecules obtained from such techniques as x-ray crystallography...
Beta blocker | Clinical use
Beta blockerBeta blockers (sometimes written as β-blockers) are a class of drugs used for various indications, but particularly for the management of cardiac arrhythmias and cardioprotection after myocardial infarction.Whilst once first-line treatment for hypertension, their role was downgraded in June 2006 in the United Kingdom to fourth-line as they do not perform as well as other drugs, particularly in the elderly, and there is increasing evidence that the most frequently used beta-blockers especially in combination with thiazide-type diuretics carry an unacceptable risk of provoking type 2 diabetes.Propranolol was the first clinically useful beta adrenergic receptor antagonist. Invented by Sir James W. Black it revolutionized the medical...