CHEMISTRY ZONE

Chemical Bonding | Ionic bonding | Covalent bonding

2010-11-15T18:20:00.001+05:30

Ionic bonding:In ionic bonding, electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. In the process of either losing or gaining negatively charged electrons, the reacting atoms form ions. The oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces, which are the basis of the ionic bond.

Covalent bonding:The second major type of atomic bonding occurs when atoms share electrons. As opposed to ionic bonding in which a complete transfer of electrons occurs, covalent bonding occurs when two (or more) elements share electrons. Covalent bonding occurs because the atoms in the compound have a similar tendency for electrons (generally to gain electrons). This most commonly occurs when two nonmetals bond together.

Multiple Bonds: For every pair of electrons shared between two atoms, a single covalent bond is formed. Some atoms can share multiple pairs of electrons, forming multiple covalent bonds. For example, oxygen (which has six valence electrons) needs two electrons to complete its valence shell.

Chemical kinetics

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Chemical kinetics

The rate of a chemical reaction is a measure of how the concentration or pressure of the involved substances changes with time. Analysis of reaction rates is important for several applications, such as in chemical engineering or in chemical equilibrium study.

Rates of reaction depends basically on:

Reactant concentrations, which usually make the reaction happen at a faster rate if raised through increased collisions per unit time,

Surface area available for contact between the reactants, in particular solid ones in heterogeneous systems. Larger surface area leads to higher reaction rates.

Pressure, by increasing the pressure, you decrease the volume between molecules. This will increase the frequency of collisions of molecules.

Activation energy, which is defined as the amount of energy required to make the reaction start and carry on spontaneously. Higher activation energy implies that the reactants need more energy to start than a reaction with a lower activation energy.

Temperature, which hastens reactions if raised, since higher temperature increases the energy of the molecules, creating more collisions per unit time,

The presence or absence of a catalyst. Catalysts are substances which change the pathway (mechanism) of a reaction which in turn increases the speed of a reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to take place. A catalyst is not destroyed or changed during a reaction, so it can be used again.

For some reactions, the presence of electromagnetic radiation, most notably ultraviolet, is needed to promote the breaking of bonds to start the reaction. This is particularly true for reactions involving radicals.

Reaction rates are related to the concentrations of substances involved in reactions, as quantified by the rate law of each reaction. Note that some reactions have rates that are independent of reactant concentrations. These are called zero order reactions.

Organic reactions

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Organic reactions encompass a wide assortment of reactions involving compounds which have carbon as the main element in their molecular structure. The reactions in which an organic compound may take part are largely defined by its functional groups.

Disproportionation

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Disproportionation a redox reaction in which one reactant forming two distinct products varying in oxidation state.

2 Sn2+(aq) → Sn(s) + Sn4+(aq)

Combustion

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Combustion: a kind of redox reaction in which any combustible substance combines with an oxidizing element, usually oxygen, to generate heat and form oxidized products. The term combustion is usually used for only large-scale oxidation of whole molecules, i.e. a controlled oxidation of a single functional group is not combustion.

C₁₀H₈+ 12 O₂ → 10 CO₂ + 4 H₂O

CH₂S + 6 F₂ → CF₄ + 2 HF + SF₆

Redox reactions

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Redox reactions: in which changes in oxidation numbers of atoms in involved species occur.

Those reactions can often be interpreted as transferences of electrons between different molecular sites or species.

An example of a redox reaction is:

2 S₂O₃²⁻_(aq) + I₂_(aq) → S₄O₆²⁻_(aq) + 2 I⁻_(aq)

In which I₂ is reduced to I^- and S₂O₃^2- (thiosulfate anion) is oxidized to S₄O₆^2-.

Acid-base reaction

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Acid-base reactions: broadly characterized as reactions between an acid and a base, can have different definitions depending on the acid-base concept employed.

Some of the most common are:

Arrhenius definition: Acids dissociate in water releasing H3O+ ions; bases dissociate in water releasing OH- ions.

Bronsted-Lowry definition: Acids are proton (H+) donors; bases are proton acceptors. Includes the Arrhenius definition.

Lewis definition: Acids are electron-pair acceptors; bases are electron-pair donors. Includes the Brønsted-Lowry definition.

Metathesis or Double displacement reaction

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Metathesis or double displacement reaction:

in which two compounds exchange ions or bonds to form different compounds

NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)

Single displacement or substitution

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Single displacement or substitution:

characterized by an element being displaced out of a compound by a more reactive element:
2 Na(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + H2(g)

Direct combination or synthesis

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Direct combination or synthesis: in which 2 or more chemical elements or compounds unite to form a more complex product: N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3

A chemical synthesis begins by selection of compounds that are known as reagents or reactants. Various reaction types can be applied to these to synthesize the product, or an intermediate product. This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel such as a chemical reactor or a simple round-bottom flask. Many reactions require some form of work-up procedure before the final product is isolated.

Isomerisation

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Isomerisation: in which a chemical compound undergoes a structural rearrangement without any change in its net atomic composition.

Isomerisation is the process by which one molecule is transformed into another molecule which has exactly the same atoms, but the atoms are rearranged e.g. A-B-C → B-A-C (these related molecules are known as isomers).

Examples of exothermic reactions

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An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat. It is the opposite of an endothermic reaction. Expressed in a chemical equation:

reactants → products + energy

Examples of exothermic reactions

Combustion reactions of fuels
Neutralization reactions such as direct reaction of acid and base
Adding concentrated acid to water
Burning of a substance
Adding water to anhydrous copper(II) sulfate
The thermite reaction
Reactions taking place in a self-heating can based on lime and aluminum
The setting of cement and concrete
Many corrosion reactions such as oxidation of metals
Most polymerisation reactions
The Haber-Bosch process of ammonia production

Sodium Cyanide: A fatal substance.

2010-05-18T16:43:00.001+05:30

It is a highly toxic compound, also known as sodium salt of hydrodyamic and cyanogran.

Immediate medical attention is required in the event of cyanide poisoning, as it is quickly fatal.

It is used in extracting gold, silver, copper, poison to control indoor pests.

It irritates and severely damages tissues of eyes, skin, respiratory tract and the gastroinstestial tract.

Inhalation causes headaches, dizziness, convulsion, vomiting, unconsciousness, redness of eyes and skin, severe deep burns and nausea.

Talc: Talcum powders are potential carcinogens.

2010-05-18T16:41:00.001+05:30

It is used as cosmetic talcum powder and baby powder.

It is an astringent powder used to preventing rashes on the area covered by a diaper (diaper rash) , food additive or in pharmaceutical products.

Several studies have established preliminary links between talc and pulmonary issues, lung, skin and ovarian cancer and tumours in animals.

Polyquaternium: An allergan in Moisturizing lotions.

2010-05-18T16:39:00.000+05:30

It is used in a variety of cosmetics such as hair care and moisturizing lotions.

It creates allergic contact dermatitis.

Polysorbate-n (20-85): A skin irritant in Suntan Lotions.

2010-05-18T16:37:00.001+05:30

It is used as an emulsifier in cosmetic creams, lotions, cream deodorant, baby oil and suntan lotion.

It can cause contact sensitivity and skin irritation

Petroleum distillates: A potential carcinogen

2010-05-18T16:35:00.000+05:30

It is extremely hazardous for humans.

It may cause cancer and lung damage if swallowed.

Many chemicals are petroleum based, for example 95% of all synthetic fragrances creating serious health problems.

Teff: An alternative grain for Wheat

2010-05-18T14:04:00.000+05:30

Teff is an intriguing grain, ancient, minute in size, and packed with nutrition. Teff is believed to have originated in Ethiopia between 4000 and 1000 BC. Teff seeds were discovered in a pyramid thought to date back to 3359 BC.

The grain has been widely cultivated and used in the countries of Ethiopia, India and it's colonies, and Australia. Teff is grown primarily as a cereal crop in Ethiopia where it is ground into flour, fermented for three days then made into enjera, a sourdough type flat bread. It is also eaten as porridge and used as an ingredient of home-brewed alcoholic drinks. The grass is grown as forage for cattle and is also used as a component in adobe construction in Ethiopia. At this time it is not widely known or used in the U.S., though it is cultivated in South Dakota and Idaho and is available in many health food stores.

The word teff is thought to have been derived from the Amharic word teffa which means "lost," due to small size of the grain and how easily it is lost if dropped. It is the smallest grain in the world, measuring only about 1/32 of an inch in diameter and taking 150 grains to weigh as much as one grain of wheat. The common English names for teff are teff, lovegrass, and annual bunch grass.

Because the grains of teff are so small, the bulk of the grain consists of the bran and germ. This makes teff nutrient dense as the bran and germ are the most nutritious parts of any grain. This grain has a very high calcium content, and contains high levels of phosphorous, iron, copper, aluminum, barium, and thiamin. It is considered to have an excellent amino acid composition, with lysine levels higher than wheat or barley. Teff is high in protein, carbohydrates, and fiber. It contains no gluten so it is appropriate for those with gluten intolerance.

The color of the Teff grains can be ivory, light tan to deep brown or dark reddish brown purple, depending on the variety. Teff has a mild, nutty, and a slight molasses like sweetness. The white teff has a chestnut-like flavor and the darker varieties are earthier and taste more like hazelnuts. The grain is somewhat mucilaginous. It is interesting that documents dated in the late 1800's indicate the upper class consumed the lighter grains, the dark grain was the food of soldiers and servants, and cattle consumed hay made from teff.

Teff is a fine stemmed, tufted annual grass characterized by a large crown, many shoots, and a shallow diverse root system. The plants germinate quickly and are adapted to environments ranging from drought stress to water logged soil conditions. It is a reliable low risk crop. There are 250 known species of Eragrostis, or love grasses, but only a few are of significant agricultural value.

Teff is a very versatile grain. Teff flour can be used as a substitute for part of the flour in baked goods, or the grains added uncooked or substituted for part of the seeds, nuts, or other small grains. Due to it's small size, only 1/2 Cup of teff is needed to replace 1 cup of sesame seeds. It is a good thickener for soups, stews, gravies, and puddings and can also be used in stir-fry dishes, and casseroles.

Teff may be added to soups or stews in either of two ways:
1) Add them, uncooked to the pot a half-hour before serving time.
2) Add them cooked to the pot 10 minutes before serving. Cooked teff can be mixed with herbs, seeds, beans or tofu, garlic, and onions to make grain burgers. The seeds can also be sprouted and the sprouts used in salads and on sandwiches.

To cook teff place 2 cups purified water, 1/2 cup teff, and 1/4 tsp. sea salt (optional) in a saucepan. Bring to a boil, reduce heat and simmer covered for 15 to 20 minutes or until the water is absorbed. Remove from heat and let stand covered for 5 minutes.

Teff should be stored in a cool, dark, dry place in tightly covered containers such as glass jars. Cooked Teff can be kept in the refrigerator, but should be used within a few days.

This grain would be a worthy and healthful addition to your diet. Be creative, use your imagination, and enjoy this wonderful nutritious grain.

Following are two recipes adapted from packages of Arrowhead Teff.

Teff Pancakes
1 cup cooked Teff
1/4 tsp. Sea salt
1 cup multigrain pancake mix or whole grain flour
1 cup water or enough to make pancake batter
1 tbsp. Oil (optional)

Mix all ingredients; cook on a hot oiled griddle.
For variations try adding nuts, berries, or apples to the batter.

Teff Carob Cookies
3/4 cup rice flour
1/4 cup barley flour
1-1/2 tbsp. Carob powder
1/4 cup uncooked teff
1/4 cup molasses or maple syrup (or try brown rice syrup or agave syrup)
1/2 cup water or organic milk
1/4 tsp. Almond extract

Mix dry ingredients. Mix liquids. Combine mixtures. Drop small spoonfuls onto oiled baking sheet. Bake at 350º for 8-10 minutes.

Insect growth regulators (IGRs)

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Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are compounds that alter the normal growth process of insects and can therefore be used to control insect populations; these compounds interfere with insect metamorphosis, embryogenesis or reproduction. Among them we find compounds that mimic or antagonise insect juvenile hormone activity and substances that inhibit chitin synthesis in the exoskeleton.99 Juvenile hormone analogues provoke mortality at adult emergence, whereas chitin synthesis inhibitors cause mortality in larvae and nymphs; besides, both types of IGRs also cause sterilization in adult insects.

The main advantages of these compounds over other insecticidal substances are that they have a low mammalian toxicity and are often very species-specific insecticides:nevertheless they usually present a slow mode of action and sometimes a low stability.

Solid-phase synthesis of ciclopropane carboxylate moieties

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Synthesis of Imidacloprid:Synthetic pathway of imidacloprid from nitroguanidine.

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Synthesis of Thiamethoxam. Total synthesis.

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Structure, synthesis of cinerolone: A Pyrethroid Insecticide.

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Cinerolone is a pyrethroid insecticide.

Indian Team/Squad for Zimbabwe Series 2010

2010-05-14T15:54:00.000+05:30

The India Squad for Zimbabwe tri-series: Suresh Raina (Captain), Virat Kohli (Vice-Captain), Murali Vijay, Dinesh Karthik (Wicket Keeper), Rohit Sharma, Yusuf Pathan, Ravindra Jadeja, R Ashwin, Umesh Yadav, Vinay Kumar, Ashok Dinda, Pankaj Singh, Amit Mishra, Pragyan Ojha, Naman Ojha.

The India T20 Squad: Suresh Raina (Captain), Virat Kohli (Vice-Captain), Murali Vijay, Dinesh Karthik (Wicket Keeper), Rohit Sharma, Yusuf Pathan, Ravindra Jadeja, R Ashwin, Umesh Yadav, Vinay Kumar, Ashok Dinda, Pankaj Singh, Amit Mishra, Pragyan Ojha, Naman Ojha and Piyush Chawla.

Father of Chemistry: Robert Boyle

2010-05-13T14:43:00.002+05:30

Robert Boyle is the Father of Chemistry.

He is also known for the famous Boyles Law of Pressure- Volume Relationship.

Robert Boyle was also a very spiritual man who sought his Maker.

Chinese toys and jewelry contains Cadmium: A known Carcinogen.

2010-05-13T13:02:00.001+05:30

Barred from using lead in children's jewelry because of its toxicity, some Chinese manufacturers have been substituting the more dangerous heavy metal cadmium in sparkling charm bracelets and shiny pendants being sold throughout the United States, an Associated Press investigation shows.

The most contaminated piece analyzed in lab testing performed for the AP contained a startling 91 percent cadmium by weight. The cadmium content of other contaminated trinkets, all purchased at national and regional chains or franchises, tested at 89 percent, 86 percent and 84 percent by weight. The testing also showed that some items easily shed the heavy metal, raising additional concerns about the levels of exposure to children.

Cadmium is a known carcinogen. Like lead, it can hinder brain development in the very young, according to recent research.

Children don't have to swallow an item to be exposed — they can get persistent, low-level doses by regularly sucking or biting jewelry with a high cadmium content.

Jewelry industry veterans in China say cadmium has been used in domestic products there for years. Zinc, the metal most cited as a replacement for lead in imported jewelry being sold in the United States, is a much safer and nontoxic alternative. But the jewelry tests conducted for AP, along with test findings showing a growing presence of cadmium in other children's products, demonstrate that the safety threat from cadmium is being exported.

A patchwork of federal consumer protection regulations does nothing to keep these nuggets of cadmium from U.S. store shelves. If the products were painted toys, they would face a recall. If they were industrial garbage, they could qualify as hazardous waste. But since there are no cadmium restrictions on jewelry, such items are sold legally.

There is no definitive explanation for why children's jewelry manufacturers, virtually all from China in the items tested, are turning to cadmium. But a reasonable double whammy looms: With lead heavily regulated under the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, factories scrambled for substitutes, just as cadmium prices plummeted.

That law set a new, stringent standard for lead in children's products: Only the very smallest amount is permissible — no more than 0.03 percent of the total content. The statute has led manufacturers to drastically reduce lead in toys and jewelry.

The law also contained the first explicit regulation of cadmium, though the standards are significantly less strict than lead and apply only to painted toys, not jewelry.

To determine how much cadmium a child could be exposed to, items are bathed in a solution that mimics stomach acid to see how much of the toxin would leach out after being swallowed.

The jewelry testing for AP was conducted by chemistry professor Jeff Weidenhamer of Ashland University in Ohio, who over the past few years has provided the CPSC with results showing high lead content in products that were later recalled. His lab work for AP assessed how much cadmium was in each item. Overall, 12 of the 103 items each contained at least 10 percent cadmium. Two others contained lower amounts, while the other 89 were clean.

Ten of the items with the highest cadmium content were then run through the stomach acid test to see how much would escape. Although that test is used only in regulation of toys, AP used it to see what hazard an item could pose because unlike the regulations, a child's body doesn't distinguish between cadmium leached from jewelry and cadmium leached from a toy.

Drrinking mineral water contains Oestrogen: Female Sex Hormone.

2010-05-13T12:16:00.001+05:30

Drinking mineral water from a plastic bottle may mean you are also drinking a sex hormone that affects your reproductive system. Researchers have found evidence of chemicals containing the female sex hormone estrogen leaching out of the packaging into the water.

Estrogen is the main female sex hormone, and taking it unwittingly may interfere with the reproductive process. Besides interfering with the reproductive process, estrogens may reduce the flow of breast milk.

Martin Wagner and Jorg Oehlmann from Goethe University, in Frankfurt, analysed 20 brands of mineral water available in Germany — nine bottled in glass, nine bottled in plastic and two bottled in composite packaging (paperboard boxes coated with an inner plastic film).
They took samples from the bottles and tested them for the presence of estrogen-containing chemicals. They then carried out a reproduction test with the New Zealand mud snail to determine the source and potency of the hormones.

The researchers found that these chemicals are potent in living organisms and are causing an increased development of embryos in the snails.

They detected estrogen contamination in 60% of the samples (12 of the 20 brands) analysed. Mineral waters in glass bottles had less estrogen than waters in plastic bottles. Specifically, 33% of all mineral waters bottled in glass compared with 78% of waters in plastic bottles showed significant hormonal activity.

By breeding the New Zealand mud snail in both plastic and glass water bottles, the researchers found more than double the number of embryos in plastic bottles compared with glass bottles.

Advanced Organic Chemistry : Reaction Mechanisms

2010-05-12T15:31:00.000+05:30

Advanced Organic Chemistry : Reaction Mechanisms
Download it freely from the following link:
http://rapidshare.com/files/33188497/dhrth.rar

Paris Hilton.

2010-05-12T15:17:00.001+05:30

Whether we like it or not Paris and her wild lifestyle are here to stay as she is now considered one of the biggest stars. She is sought after by almost every fashion designer and her keywords will do well with any fashion or clothing content.

Google.

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Well, this one is obvious as Google is the largest search engine (regardless what Yahoo says). Being that Google is a search engine it can be used in any content, but works best with relation to websites, search engines, computers and software.

Yahoo.

2010-05-12T15:14:00.002+05:30

The second largest search engine and distant second on Pay per Click campaigns - very, very distant at that. The same will work for Yahoo. Stick with computer related material and you will do well.

Eminem.

2010-05-12T15:13:00.004+05:30

Yes, the real slim shady is back. According to R and B and rap he never left as he is the number one rapper currently. If you need content on current music or teen and young adult topics Eminem is sure to bring you visitors.

Britney Spears.

2010-05-12T15:13:00.001+05:30

She was the hottest pinup for teens and preteens, but now she is probably pregnant again. I wonder why Kevin Federline didn't make the list - is it that he isn't a good singer? Britney is great for adolescent or music related content.

Mapquest.

2010-05-12T15:12:00.002+05:30

Want to know where something is or how to get there. Being that we are getting closer to summer people are plotting out there vacations. Or, maybe, due to increasing gas prices thanks to George Bush, maybe they are figuring that its too far and will cost too much in gas. I bet if Hillary Clinton were President these gas prices wouldn't be any higher than $1.60 per gallon. These high gas prices have to do with the Bush family and their ties to big oil and energy. See, Mapquest can be linked to just about any content you want if you just try a little.

Tsunami.

2010-05-12T15:12:00.001+05:30

Even though the big one is over. Relief efforts are still in effect and so are the relief efforts for Katrina. Hint - these people still need lots of help. Tsunami is probably a big keyword due to the recent specials on TV about the next possible tsunami that might hit America. People are concerned and interested over these large scale natural disasters. When is the next earthquake going to hit California, will a tsunami hit New York, and what will this hurricane season bring?

American Idol.

2010-05-12T15:10:00.000+05:30

This is the top rated TV show and its in its 5th or 6th season. It has launched one star - Kelly Clarkson and a bunch of duds. Randy, Paula and simon have now become household names along with Ryan Seacrest. Any content you can tie into the current cast will do well. The previous casts should be avoided as they will soon go back to karaoke and such at local bars.

Skin care and skin treatment.

2010-05-12T15:09:00.001+05:30

This has always been a big one with women. It has been rumored that women will go without food before they will go without makeup and such. Just ask any department store how important skin care and skin treatment products are to their bottem line. Watch Shop NBC - almost every product on there has something to do with skin care and skin treatment for women. There are a wide variety of topics you can easily talk about here from the latest in laser therapy at dermatology offices and at home TCA skin peels for treating acne and wrinkles. Acne is and always will be a big topic as will wrinkles and their respective treatments. For more info on at home TCA skin peels please see the link below.

Skin care and skin treatment.

2010-05-12T15:09:00.000+05:30

Win-A-Crop: Organic Fertilizer doubles the yield.

2010-05-12T15:00:00.001+05:30

Advanced biotech Research group introducing Yield Promoter "WIN-A-CROP" 100% Organic Plant Nutrient.

World's latest research product "WIN-A-CROP" DOUBLES the Coconut Plantation Yields.
Simple spray of WIN-A-CROP, 2way nutrition improves Soil fertility and Crops productivity, resulting in 100% higher yields, fetching highest income to the Farmers.

WIN-A-CROP is Eco-friendly and absolutely safe Herbal formula with world’s most advanced SMMAAP technology, promotes rich green growth & higher yields and improves resistance to microbial diseases.

WIN-A-CROP technology is nominated for WORLD FOOD PRIZE (USA), certified by the scientists of Agriculture University, OF&G (UK) and represented to the Honorable Agriculture Minister Sri Sharad Pawar in support of SECOND GREEN REVOLUTION.

We are inviting Farmers to utilize WIN-A-CROP's double yields benefit and welcoming Distributors from all states of India & Overseas Importers on highly profitable business terms.
To buy WIN-A-CROP Hi-Yield Promoter or for trade inquiries, please contact us on 098481-95999 or email to organictech@gmail.com.

Regards,Prabhakar DKS, Advanced Biotech Research Projects,WIN-A-CROP Projects (Mfg & Mktg), # 104, Surya Prabha Paradise,Door No: 18-1-21/14, Maharanipet,Visakhapatnam-530002, A.P., INDIA.Tel & Fax: +91-891-2754178, Mobile : +91-98481-95999.E-mail id: organictech@gmail.com

World's latest agri-biotech research product: 100% Organic Hi-Yield Fertilizer "WIN-A-CROP" that DOUBLES Crops Yields & Farmers Income, supporting the Crops productive potentials and Soil fertility.

Kegelcisor for men and women: Strengthens PC muscles and G-Spot stimulation.

2010-05-11T15:40:00.002+05:30

Kegel exercises do more than tone your PC (love) muscle! This versatile item warms to body temperature and offers numerous benefits including intense G-spot stimulation and incontinence prevention. Not sterile on delivery.

Read instructions completely before use. This exerciser is designed to strengthen the Pubococcygeus (PC) muscle. The PC muscle is responsible for the health of the pelvic floor in both men and women. It is the primary muscle used in controlling the bladder and stopping seepage of urine. Proper use of this exerciser will increase the strength of the PC muscle, often to that of a much younger person. Even occasional use is of benefit. By following the instructions, you will return your PC muscle to its former strength in ninety days.

Phosphoric acid:Irritant in Animal foods.

2010-05-11T15:36:00.000+05:30

It is a clear, odourless, colorless liquid that is irritating to the skin and eyes.

It is moderately toxic if ingested.

It is used in the production of soaps, detergents, fertilizer and animals food.

Phenoxyethanol: Preservative in Vaccines causes allergies.

2010-05-11T15:34:00.001+05:30

It is a skin irritant.

It causes allergic reactions.

It is used as preservative in vaccines.

Phenylphenol: A carcinogen banned in Europe.

2010-05-11T15:31:00.002+05:30

It is a known carcinogen, which can effect you when breathed in and may enter the body through the skin.

It can cause eye damage as it is irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.

It is very toxic to aquatic organisms.

It also causes abdominal cramps and pain, cough, laboured breathing, dangerous for the environment, possible carcinogen.

It is already banned in Europe.

Intellectual Property Rights Syllabus.

2010-05-11T15:29:00.001+05:30

Course Contents:

Ø Copyrights
Ø Patents
Ø Trademarks
Ø Service Mark
Ø Designs
Ø Geographical Indications
Ø Biological Diversity

Other IPR
1. Plant Varieties
2. Trade Secrets Confidential Information
3. Data Protection
4. Traditional Knowledge
5. IC Layouts
6. Domain Name

Intellectual Property Rights

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Intellectual Property or IP refers to certain kinds of exclusive rights to intellectual capital, some forms of which can expire after a set period of time, and other forms of which can last indefinitely.

Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs. Common types of intellectual property include conflicting areas of law:

Copyrights which give the holder some exclusive rights to control some reproduction of works of authorship, such as books and music, for a certain period of time.

Patents give the holder an exclusive right to use and license use of an invention for a certain period, typically 20 years.

Trademarks are distinctive names, phrases or marks used to identify products to consumers.
Trade secrets, where a company keeps information secret, perhaps by enforcing a contract under which those given access to information are not permitted to disclose it to others.

OPEN THY MOUTH WIDE...And the Lord will bless thee.

2010-05-11T15:12:00.000+05:30

OPEN THY MOUTH WIDE...!

"I am the Lord thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt: open thy mouth wide, and I will fill it" (Psa 81:10).

Here, the Psalmist very clearly reviews the blessedness of opening our mouth to pray and to worship the Lord - seeing He has brought us out of Egypt. In other words, if our mouth is bound, it may imply that we are still bound in the land of Egypt. Those who open their heart and mouth to pray and to praise and adore God, will be free from the bondage of Egypt (sin).

"My people would not hearken to My voice; and Israel would none of Me. So I gave them up unto their own hearts' lust: and they walked in their own counsels" (vs 11,12). Just as it happened thousands of years ago, even now some are not hearkening to the voice of God in this respect, that is, in opening their heart and mouth to pray and worship the Lord. What happened to the people who did not open their mouth? God gave them up to their hearts' lust that they may walk in their own counsels. If we are not willing to open up to God we will not be able to do the will of God.

"Oh that My people had hearkened unto Me, and Israel had walked in My ways! I should soon have subdued their enemies, and turned My hand against their adversaries" (vs 13, 14). Another blessing in obeying the command to open the mouth and pray and praise God is that we will find that our enemies are subdued by God. Furthermore, when a man's ways please God, his enemies become his friends (Prov 16:7).

"He should have fed them also with the finest of the wheat: and with honey out of the rock should I have satisfied thee" (vs 16). What a blessing in opening the mouth and heart and praising and glorifying God! We receive the finest of wheat - the best spiritual food - and honey out of the rock. While the rock is one of the hardest substances on earth, honey is one of the sweetest things on earth. As we go through the hardest or most difficult paths (rock), the Lord will make them sweetest experiences (honey).
Should we not then open our heart and mouth to worship, to pray and to praise God - that He may fill us with His best?

Ability of God

2010-05-11T15:11:00.001+05:30

In many places in the Bible we read of the ability of God. Ephesians 3;20 says, "Unto Him that is able to do exceeding abundantly above all that we ask or think, according to the power that worketh in us." If we praise God for this great ability of God, the Lord will work for us exceeding abundantly above all that we ask or think. The Bible points out many incidents that bear record to the reality of the above mentioned truth. Shall we consider a few of them.

1) "Pay thy debt, and live thou and thy children of the rest" (II Kgs 4:7).
A certain wife of the sons of the prophets came to Elisha and said that her husband was dead and that the creditor was coming to take her two sons to be his slaves. Elisha told her to borrow as many vessels as she could and shut the door and pour out the little oil she had into all those vessels. When all the vessels were full, the oil ceased. When she told the man of God, he told her to sell the oil and pay the debt, and live with the rest of the money. She had gone to teh man of God only to ask how she could pay the debt. But the miracle-working God performed a miracle through the prophet and not only gave her what she asked for, but also provided for her family's future. Thus God worked in her life above all that she asked or thought. Do you have any debt, dear reader? The God Who worked miracles in the life of that widow is living today with the same power; ask and it shall be given to you also.

2) "I have also given thee that which thou hast not asked" (II Kgs 3:13).
King Solomon loved the Lord and walked in the statutes of David his father. The Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, "Ask what I shall give thee." Solomon asked for an understanding heart to judge the people of God, to discern between good and bad. The Lord was pleased that Solomon had asked for this thing, and gave him even that which he had not asked for - riches and honour. Though Solomon was young, he asked for that one thing that pleased God much. So God gave him much more than what he asked or thought. Many of our prayers go unanswered because, we ask amiss that we may consume it in our lust (Jms 4:3). But we shall receive more than we ask or think if we pray according to the will of God. "This is the confidence that we have in Him, that if we ask anything according to His will, He heareth us" (I Jn 5:14). The Bible says, "If in this life only we have hope in Christ, we are of all men most miserable." So we must pray for heavenly enduring things. Then our God will be pleased and will give us more than we ask or think. If we pray for heavenly wisdom, God will give us the wisdom that is "pure, peaceable, gentle and easy to be intreated, full of mercy and good fruits, without impartiality, and without hypocrisy" (Jms 3:17).

3) "And the Lord visited Hannah... and she bare three sons and two daughters" (I Sam 2:21).
Hannah was barren. She prayed to the Lord and vowed that if He gave her a male child, she would give him to the Lord all the days of his life. The Lord heard her prayer and gave her a boy and she brought him to the house of God. The priest Eli blessed the couple and the Lord visited Hanah and gave her five more children. Hannah had prayed for only one child. But our Lord Who gives us more than we ask or think, gave her fivefold. Some children of God do not give their children wilingly for the Lord's work and are thereby blocking the flow of blessings into their family. Hannah gave her first son to God, and God made Samuel a blessing to all the people of God and also blessed the house of Hannah. Let your family be such a family, dear rader.

Privileges of a Star Export House

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A Star Export House shall be eligible for the following facilities:

i) Licence/certificate/permissions and Customs clearances for both imports and exports on self-declaration basis.
ii) Fixation of Input-Output norms on priority within 60 days;
iii) Exemption from compulsory negotiation of documents through banks. The remittance, however, would continue to be received through banking channels;
iv) 100% retention of foreign exchange in EEFC account;
v) Enhancement in normal repatriation period from 180 days to 360 days.
vi) Entitlement for consideration under the Target Plus Scheme
vii) Exemption from furnishing of Bank Guarantee in Schemes under this Policy.

Note for Star Export Houses

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1. Units in Small Scale Industry/Tiny Sector/Cottage Sector, Units registered with KVICs/KVIBs, Units located in North Eastern States, Sikkim and J&K, Units exporting handloom/ handicrafts/hand knotted or silk carpets, exporters exporting to countries in Latin America/CIS/sub-Saharan Africa as listed in Appendix-17C, units having ISO 9000 (series)/ ISO 14000 (series) /WHOGMP/HACCP/SEI CMM level-II and above status granted by agencies listed in Appendix-28A, exports of services and exports of agro products shall be entitled for double weightage of exports made for grant of Star Export House status.

2. Exports made on re-export basis shall not be counted for the purpose of recognition.

3. Exports made by a subsidiary of a limited company shall be counted towards export performance of the limited company for the purpose of recognition only if the limited company has a majority share holding in the subsidiary company.

Status Category for Star Export Houses

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The applicant shall be categorized depending on his total FOB/FOR export performance during the current plus the previous three years:

Status Category for Star Export Houses

2010-05-11T15:02:00.001+05:30

The applicant shall be categorized depending on his total FOB/FOR export performance during the current plus the previous three years:

Category

Performance (in rupees)
One Star Export House 15 crore
Two Star Export House 100 crore
Three Star Export House 500 crore
Four Star Export House 1500 crore
Five Star Export House 5000 crore

Star Export House Eligibility

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Merchant as well as Manufacturer Exporters, Service Providers, Export Oriented Units (EOUs) and Units located in Special Economic Zones (SEZs), Agri Export Zone (AEZ’s), Electronic Hardware Technology Parks (EHTPs), Software Technology Parks (STPs) and Bio Technology Parks (BTPs) shall be eligible for applying for status as Star Export Houses.

Trade disputes affecting trade relations

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If it comes to the notice of the Director General of Foreign Trade or he has reason to believe that an export or import has been made in a manner that

(i) is gravely prejudicial to the trade relations of India with any foreign country; or
(ii) Is gravely prejudicial to the interest of other persons engaged in exports or imports; (iii) has brought disrepute to the country;

The Director General Foreign Trade may take action against the exporter or importer concerned in accordance with the provisions of the Act, the Rules and Orders made thereunder and this Policy.

Quality Complaints/ Disputes

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The Regional Sub-Committee on Quality Complaints (RSCQC) set up at the Regional Offices of the Directorate General of Foreign Trade shall investigate quality complaints received from foreign buyers. The guidelines for settlement of quality complaints, in particular, and such other complaints, in general, is given in Appendix- 37 of Handbook (Vol.1).

Test Houses

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The Central Government will assist in the modernisation and upgradation of test houses and laboratories in order to bring them at par with international standards.

Brand Promotion and Quality

2010-05-11T14:57:00.001+05:30

The Central Government aims to encourage manufacturers and exporters to attain internationally accepted standards of quality for their products. The Central Government will extend support and assistance to Trade and Industry to launch a nationwide programme on quality awareness and to promote the concept of total quality management.

Towns of Export Excellence

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A number of towns in specific geographical locations have emerged as dynamic industrial clusters contributing handsomely to India’s exports. It is necessary to grant recognition to these industrial clusters with a view to maximizing their potential and enabling them to move higher in the value chain and tap new markets.

Selected towns producing goods of Rs. 1000 crore or more will be notified as Towns of Exports Excellence on the basis of potential for growth in exports. However for the Towns of Export Excellence in the Handloom, Handicraft, Agriculture and Fisheries sector, the threshold limit would be Rs 250 crores.

Common service providers in these areas shall be entitled for the facility of the EPCG scheme.

The recognised associations of units will be able to access the funds under the Market Access Initiative scheme for creating focused technological services.

Further such areas will receive priority for assistance for rectifying identified critical infrastructure gaps from the ASIDE scheme.

The notified towns of export excellence are listed in Appendix 41.

Marketing Development Assistance (MDA) Scheme

2010-05-11T14:54:00.001+05:30

The Marketing Development Assistance (MDA) Scheme is intended to provide financial assistance for a range of export promotion activities implemented by export promotion councils, industry and trade associations on a regular basis every year.

As per the revised MDA guidelines with effect from 1st April,2004 assistance under MDA is available for exporters with annual export turnover upto Rs 5 crores.

These include participation in Trade Fairs and Buyer Seller meets abroad or in India, export promotion seminars, etc.

Further, assistance for participation in Trade Fairs abroad and travel grant is available to such exporters if they travel to countries in one of the four Focus Areas, such as , Latin America, Africa, CIS Region, ASEAN countries, Australia and New Zealand.

For participation in trade fairs, etc, in other areas financial assistance without travel grant is available.

Financial assistance would be provided to deserving exporters on the recommendation of Export Promotion Councils for meeting the cost of legal expenses relating to trade related matters.

Assistance to States for Infrastructure Development of Exports (ASIDE)

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The State Governments shall be encouraged to participate in promoting exports from their respective States. For this purpose, Department of Commerce has formulated a scheme called ASIDE.

Suitable provision has been made in the Annual Plan of the Department of Commerce for allocation of funds to the states on the twin criteria of gross exports and the rate of growth of exports.

The States shall utilise this amount for developing infrastructure such as roads connecting production centres with the ports, setting up of Inland Container Depots and Container Freight Stations, creation of new State level export promotion industrial parks/zones, augmenting common facilities in the existing zones, equity participation in infrastructure projects, development of minor ports and jetties, assistance in setting up of common effluent treatment facilities, stabilizing power supply and any other activity as may be notified by Department of Commerce from time to time.

Market Access Initiative (MAI)

2010-05-11T14:50:00.000+05:30

The Market Access Initiative (MAI) scheme is intended to provide financial assistance for medium term export promotion efforts with a sharp focus on a country and product.

The financial assistance is available for Export Promotion Councils, Industry and Trade associations , Agencies of State Governments , Indian Commercial Missions abroad and other eligible entities as may be notified from time to time.

A whole range of activities can be funded under the MAI scheme. These include market studies, setting up of showroom/ warehouse, sales promotion campaigns, international departmental stores, publicity campaigns, participation in international trade fairs, , brand promotion, registration charges for pharmaceuticals and testing charges for engineering products etc. Each of these export promotion activities can receive financial assistance from the Government ranging from 25% to 100% of the total cost depending upon the activity and the implementing agency, as indicated in the detailed guidelines.

Biotin is Vitamin H

2010-05-11T14:49:00.000+05:30

Biotin is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin (Vitamin B7) that is composed of an ureido (tetrahydroimidizalone) ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring. A valeric acid substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the tetrahydrothiophene ring. Biotin is a coenzyme in the metabolism of fatty acids and leucine, and it plays a role in gluconeogenesis.

How to become a Customs House Agent (CHA)?

2010-05-10T17:17:00.003+05:30

The clearance of goods on Import or Export, including unaccompanied baggage, involves quite a
lot of procedural formalities under Section 46, 47, 50, 51 etc., These formalities have to be
observed by Importer / Exporter / Passenger, as the case may be. But in most cases the Customs station would be far away and it may not be possible for the Importer / Exporter / Passenger to attend to such work promptly. Unlike the work related to Central Excise or Income Tax, the Customs formalities cannot be attended to leisurely, as clearance is allowed only after the completion of formalities and payment of duty, where due. To meet this situation, a provision for licensing Custom House Agents, to represent the Importer / Exporter for the clearance
work, has been made in the Customs Act 1962. Even prior to 1962, such as Muccadams, Dalals,
Baggage Agents, Clearance Agents etc.

In terms of Section 146, the Board (Central Board of Excise and Customs) has issued certain
Regulations known as Custom House Agents Licensing Regulation 1984 laying down the conditions and procedures to be followed. The extent of liability of the agents is indicated in Section 147.

A person, who desires to become a Custom House Agent, has to make an application, in the
prescribed form. When such applications are invited by the Commissioner of Customs under Rule 5.

Initially only a temporary licence, valid for two years is issued (Rule 8). To be eligible
to make this application, the person should have experience in the line for at least one year
and should have assets to the extent of Rs.1 lakh (Rule 6). He has also to execute a bond with
security for Rs.25,000/-. The temporary licence can be made a regular licence on his passing a
qualifying examination (Rule 9) within a period of two years. The regular licence (Under Rule
10) is issued for five years, and can be renewed thereafter on payment of a fee of Rs.3,000/-
for further period of three years.

The most important part of the Customs House Agents Regulations is Rule 14, which lays down
the obligations of Customs House Agents, as under.

obtain an authorisation from each of the companies, firms or individuals by whom he is, for
the time being, employed as Customs House Agent and produce such authorisation whenever
required by an Assistant Commissioner of Customs;

transact business in the Customs Station either personally or through an employee duly
approved by the Assistant Commissioner of Customs, designated by the Commissioner;
does not represent a client before an officer of Customs in any matter to which he, as an
officer of the Department of Customs gave personal consideration, or as to the facts of which
he gained knowledge, while in Government service;

advise his client to comply with the provisions of the Act and in case of non compliance,
shall bring the matter to the notice of the Assistant Commissioner of Customs;

exercise due diligence to ascertain the correctness of any information which he imparts to a
client with reference to any work related to clearance of cargo or baggage;

not withhold information relating to clearance of cargo or baggage issued by the Commissioner
of Customs from a client who is entitled to such information;

promptly pay over to the Government, when due, sums received for payment of any duty, tax or

other debt or obligations owed to the Government and promptly account to his client for funds
received for him from the Government or received from him in excess of Government or other
charges payable in respect of the clearance of cargo or baggage;

does not procure or attempt to procure directly or indirectly ,information from the Government
records or other Government sources of any kind to which access is not granted by proper
officer;

not attempt to influence the conduct of any official of the Customs Station in any matter
pending before such an official or his subordinates by the use of threat, false accusation,
duress or the offer of any special inducement or promise of advantage or by the bestowing of
any gift or favour or other thing of value;

not refuse access to, conceal, remove or destroy the whole or any part of any book, paper or
other record, relating to his transactions as a Customs House Agent which is sought or may be
sought by the Commissioner;

maintain records and accounts in such a form and manner as may be directedfrom time to time by an Asst. Commissioner of Customs and submit them for inspection to the
said Asst. Commissioner of Customs or an officer authorisedby him whenever required; ensure that all documents prepared or presented by him or on his behalf are strictly in
accordance with orders relating thereto;

ensure that all documents, such as Bills of Entry and Shipping Bills delivered in the Customs
Station by him show the name of the Importer or Exporter, as the case may be, and the name of
the Customs House Agent, prominently, at the top of such documents;

in the event of the licence granted to him being lost, immediately report the fact to the
Commissioner;

ensure that he discharges his duties as Customs Hose Agent with utmostspeed and efficiency and without avoidable delay;

and not charge for his services as Customs House Agent in excess of the ratesapproved by the Commissioner from time to time under Regulation 25.

It should be noticed that the above 'obligations' cover not only certain procedural aspects,
but also a Customs House Agents' conduct and character. Any lapse on the part of Custom House Agent or violation of any rule can invite action which might result in suspension or revocation of licence under Rule 21.

A Custom House Agent has to be not only well informed of the Customs laws and procedures and documentation, but has to be alert all the time, closely following the instructions or change
in the public notices, issued from time to time. His is a very peculiar position in that,
though he is employed by the Importers/Exporters, he is licensed by the department and hence
he can satisfy them only to the extent the law permits and within the procedures laid down by
the Customs House. He has, accordingly, to function under two masters, the tax payer and tax
collector, both simultaneously satisfactorily.

A Customs House Agent can attend to the Custom work himself or employ persons to assist him,
but after obtaining necessary permission from the Asst. Commissioner of Customs. Such
assistants appointed by Custom House Agents will have to pass an examination conducted by the Asst. Commissioner of Customs within six months from the date of such appointment.
The charges levied by Custom House Agents from the Client should be at such rates as notified
by the Commissioner from time to time which is done under Rule 25(b). The same rule, sub
section (2) requires that Customs House Agents should enrol as members of the registered
Custom House Agents Association of the Port.

Dominos Pizza may feature in the Stock Exchange.

2010-05-10T16:09:00.000+05:30

Bhartia’s owned “Jubilant FoodWorks Limited,” — the master franchisee of world renowned QSR (Quick Service Restaurants) pizza brand “Domino’s Pizza” in the South asia (except Pakistan)– according to media reports is looking at an IPO so as to enable one of its private equity (PE) investor JPMorgan Chase & Co, a JP Morgan Partners affiliate, to dilute its equity stake (33 per cent) in the local company. The company was originally promoted and incorporated in 1995 as as a private company under the name of Domino’s India (P) Limited. Bhartias currently own 67 per cent stake in the company. Domino’s International, however, does not have any stake in the equity capital of the company.

If the IPO route is chosen, Domino’s will be the first publicly traded fast food retail chain on the stock exchanges of India.

Nearly, 14 years after its foray into the country, Domino’s Pizza is among the most admired and fastest growing multi-national consumer brands in urban India. It is currently (as of August 2009) the largest fast food chain employing a work force of around 6,000 persons and operating 274 quick service restaurants (QSR) across 54 cities, in 20 states and UTs, of the country. The company is planning to expand network by adding 70 new restaurants to the retail chain.

The first Domno’s Pizza restaurant was launched in January, 1996 at New Delhi. Apart from quality of its pizzas, the brand has earned its reputation as a ‘home delivery’ specialist capable of delivering its pizzas within 30 minutes.

PABA (Para Amino Benzoic Acid): Toxicant used in sunbath sunscreen lotions.

2010-05-10T15:46:00.001+05:30

It can create nausea, skin rashes, vomiting and may cause liver damage.

It is mainly used in commercial sunscreens.

Para-phenylenediamine: Active ingredient in hair dyes is toxic.

2010-05-10T15:44:00.001+05:30

Para-phenylenediamine (also tetrathydro-6-nitroquinoxaline) is commonly found in hair colouring products i.e., in almost all hair dyes.

Health Canada issues a warning August 2003 that PPD should not be used in "black henna" tattoo ink and paste since it is unsafe and should not be sold.

It is used in cosmetics, creates allergy, red skin rashes, contact dermatitis, itching, blisters, open sores, scarring and other potentially harmful effects.

Parabens: A potential carcinogen In sunscreen massage oils.

2010-05-10T15:40:00.002+05:30

Trade names are benzyl, butyl, ethyl, isopropyl, methyl, propyl (alkyl-p-hydroxybenzoates) acting as preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products preventing bacteria, fungus and microbes.

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that parabens displayed estrogenic activity in several tests and can have endocrine-disrupting action.

Dr. Philippa Darbre at the University of Reading, UK detected in a study in 2004 parabens in 18 0f 20 samples of tissues from breast tumour biopsies.

The women used underarm deodorant spray.

More scientist issue warnings about parabens.

Because of the possible link to breast cancer and reproductive effects in boys, parabens are also an issue in sunscreens, since many are applied by massaging them into the skin.

Nitrosamine: A potential carcinogen in junk foods.

2010-05-10T15:38:00.000+05:30

It is a mutagen and a number are transplacental carcinogen.

They are metabolized the same in humans and animal tissues, it seems highly likely that humans are susceptible to the carcinogenic properties of nitrosamines.

It is used in thousands of consumer products such as fried bacon, cured meats, bee, tobacco products, gastric juices, rubber products, metal industry, pesticide products and use, certain cosmetics and chemicals.

It may cause cancer.

Mono sodium glutamate (MSG): Ajinomoto, a neurotoxic chemical in Junk Foods(Chinese noodles) in India.

2010-05-10T15:30:00.003+05:30

It is a neurotoxic (brain damage), endocrine disrupting substance found literally in thousands of products.

It is commonly called as Ajinomoto in India.

It is used not only in Cosmetic chemicals, but also used in various junk foods and also streetside stall foods to increase flavour of foods. It is commonly used in chinese recipes in India.

It is very dangerous to the nervous system of the body.

Mineral oil: Toxicant in baby oils and Sunscreen lotions.

2010-05-10T15:27:00.000+05:30

It is a petroleum by-product that coats the skin like plastic, clogging up pores, interferes with skin's ability to eliminate toxins, thereby, promoting acne, eczema, resulting in premature aging, can be absorbed through skin contact.

Manufacturers use white petroleum because it is very cheap.

It is used in moisturizer, baby oil, concealer, sunscreen, tanning oil, facial cleaners etc.

Methylene chloride: A banned carcinogen used in shampoo, cologne, paint and varnish remover.

2010-05-10T15:11:00.001+05:30

It has been already Banned by the FDA in 1988!

No enforcement possible due to trade secret laws protecting the chemical fragrance industry.

On EPCERCLA hazard waste list, it is reported as a carcinogen.

It is absorbed in body fat.

It metabolizes to carbon monoxide, reducing oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, headache, giddiness, stupor, irritability, fatigue, tingling in the limbs.

It causes CNS disorder.

It is still used in shampoo, cologne, paint and varnish remover.

Mercury: Highly toxic cosmetic ingredient.

2010-05-10T15:00:00.001+05:30

The best known name for Mercury in vaccines is thimerosal.

It can effect you when breathed in and by passing through your skin and irritates skin and eyes.

It may cause allergy, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, shortness of breath, vomiting, fever or elevated body temperature.

It is used in mascara, eye liners, dental amalgam fillings, skin-lightening cream, nasal sprays, soaps, hemorrhoid treatments, antiseptics and as preservative in eye make up.

Mercury fumes can collect inside the a jar of skin cream or a tube of mascara, and a person could inhale them when the container is opened. It is already banned by The State of Minnesota and many European countries due it harsh toxicity.

Linalool: A harmful chemical in Vaseline and Aftershave lotions.

2010-05-10T14:56:00.001+05:30

It is narcotic and creates respiratory disturbances.

It attracts bees.

It causes CNS disorder.

It is toxic to animals.

It is used in perfume, cologne, bar soap, shampoo, hand lotion, nail enamel remover, hairspray, laundry detergent, dishwashing liquid, Vaseline lotion, air fresheners, bleach powder, fabric softener, shaving cream, after shave, sold deodorant.

Limonene: A carcinogen in Air freshners.

2010-05-10T14:42:00.001+05:30

It is carcinogenic.

It is advisable to prevent its contact with skin or eyes because it is an irritant and sensitizer.

Always wash thoroughly after using this material before eating, drinking and applying cosmetics.

Do not inhale limonene vapour.

It is found in perfume, cologne, disinfectant spray, bar soap, shaving cream, deodorants, nail color and remover, fabric softener, dishwashing liquid, air fresheners, after shave, bleach, paint and varnish remover.

Lead Acetate: Carcinogen in Hair colors.

2010-05-10T14:39:00.001+05:30

It has been proven to have carcinogenic effect.

It may cause kidney and brain damage, damage to the blood cells causing anemia, cough, sore throat, redness of eyes and skin, causes pain, abdominal cramps, constipation, convulsion, nausea, vomiting.

It is used in many lipsticks, even well know brand names. it is also used in hair colors.

Lauramide DEA: A suspected carcinogen in Soaps and Cosmetics.

2010-05-10T14:37:00.001+05:30

It is potentially contaminated with impurities.

It is linked to cancer and other significant health problems.

It is used in many cosmetics, shampoo, hair color, spray and bleaching, liquid hand soap, bubble bath shaving cream, bath oil etc.

Imidazolidinyl Urea: Cosmetic carcinogen

2010-05-10T14:30:00.000+05:30

It is a skin sensitizer.

It can instigate immune system response that include itching, burning, scaling, hives, blisters of skin, severe respiratory reaction, gastrointestinal or liver toxicity hazards suspected.

It is used in a huge variey of cosmetics and personal care products.

Gamma Pinene in Cologne and Air freshners causes Asthma.

2010-05-10T14:16:00.001+05:30

It causes asthma and CNS disorders.

It is found in cologne, perfume, soap, shaving cream, deodorant, air fresheners.

Formaldehyde: A toxic chemical used in cosmetics and also in Ceramics.

2010-05-10T14:12:00.002+05:30

Due to it's bad reputation it is sometimes hidden under the name DMDM hydantoin or MDM hydantoin.

The trade name is formalin.

It is released by diazolidinyl urea.

It causes dermatitis and adverse effects.

It is very toxic when inhaled or swallowed.

It is a skin irritant, a suspected carcinogen and is linked to cancer.

It causes burning sensation, cough, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, watering eyes and blurred vision.

It is corrosive and should be handled with extreme caution.

It can irritate nose, throat and mouth.

It is a highly flammable gas and a hazardous chemical.

It should be handled with extreme caution.

Fluoride: Toxic chemical in Tooth Pastes

2010-05-10T13:36:00.001+05:30

It is a hazardous chemical.

Researchers linked it to cancer years ago, but no one paid heed to that.

Fluoridated toothpaste is especially dangerous to young children who tend to swallow it since it is tasty after brushing their teeth.

It is supposed to stop tooth decay, however, it seems just to do the opposite.

Scientists are now linking fluoride to dental deformity, arthritis, allergic reactions, can lead also to Crohn's disease, a manufacturing toxic by-product.

Guidelines for Safe Use of Pesticides.

2010-05-10T13:23:00.002+05:30

Do not transport pesticides alongwith food stuff.

Store under lock and key

Keep out of reach of children.

Read leaflet and label before using it.

Buy pesticides in original packing.

Wear protective clothing.

Measure recommended quantity.

Use funnel and fill without spillage.

Mix thoroughly in water using stick.

Do not use pesticide containers for food or water.

Spray along the wind.

Do not blow with your mouth to clean the nozzle.

Do not smoke, drink or eat while spraying.

Do not use leaky or damaged sprayer.

In case of contamination wash thoroughly the clothes and body.

Do not allow the children to spray.

Do not keep the food stuff near the site of application.

Wash hands and mouth before eating, drinking or smoking.

Give first aid in case of accidental poisoning.

Get immediate expert treatment.

Show leaflet and container to the doctor.

Destroy and bury empty containers.

Take bath and wash clothes after spraying.

Avoid environmental contamination.

Functions of a Nozzle in spraying of Pesticides

2010-05-10T13:17:00.002+05:30

Nozzle is the most important part of the spraying equipment. It is responsible for:

Formation of droplets (average size, range of size)
Direction of droplets to the target area.
Penetration of the plant category.
Drift risk.
Droplet distribution on the target areas.

How to quit Smoking? Learn to quit smoking.

2010-04-24T17:26:00.003+05:30

Deep Breathing

Perhaps The Single Most Powerful and Important Technique: Every time you want a cigarette, do the following. Do it three times. Inhale the deepest lung-full of air you can, and then, very slowly, exhale. Purse your lips so that the air must come out slowly. As you exhale, close your eyes, and let your chin gradually sink over onto your chest. Visualize all the tension leaving your body, slowly draining out of your fingers and toes, just flowing on out. This is a variation of a yoga technique and is very relaxing. If you practice this, you'll be able to use it for any future stressful situation you find yourself in. And it will be your greatest weapon during the strong cravings sure to assault you over the first few days.

Taking In Fluids

The first few days, drink LOTS of water and fluids to help flush out the nicotine and other poisons from your body. Remember that the urge to smoke only lasts a few minutes, and will then pass. The urges gradually become farther and farther apart as the days go by.

Stay Away From Alcohol, Sugar And Coffee

Do your very best to stay away from alcohol, sugar and coffee the first week or longer, as these tend to stimulate the desire for a cigarette. Avoid fatty foods, as your metabolism will slow down a bit without the nicotine, and you may gain weight even if you eat the same amount as before quitting. So discipline about diet is extra important now. No one ever said acquiring new habits would be easy! Nibble on low calorie foods like celery, apples and carrots. Chew gum or suck on cinnamon sticks. Stretch out your meals; eat slowly and wait a bit between bites. After dinner, instead of a cigarette, treat yourself to a cup of mint tea or a peppermint candy.

Taking An Oral Substitute

In one study, about 25% of quitters found that an oral substitute was invaluable. Another 25% didn't like the idea at all - they wanted a clean break with cigarettes. The rest weren't certain. One can use cinnamon sticks, chewing gum or artificial cigarettes as a substitute. You will mostly find that after the first week of being a non smoker, you wouldn’t even need these.

Get Exercising

Go to a gym, sit in the steam, exercise. Change your normal routine – take time to walk or even jog around the block or in the local park.

Pamper Yourself

Go ahead and join a yoga class or maybe reiki – they're great! Get a one hour massage, take a long bath - pamper yourself. Get yourself involved in a hobby.

Ask For Support

Ask for support from co-workers, friends and family members. Ask for their tolerance. Let them know you're quitting, and that you might be edgy or grumpy for a few days. If you don't ask for support, you certainly won't get any. If you do, you'll be surprised how much it can help. Take a chance - try it and see! Ask friends and family members not to smoke in your presence. Don't be afraid to ask. This is more important than you may realize.

Destroy All Your Cigarettes

On your quit day, hide all ashtrays and destroy all your cigarettes, preferably with water, so no part of them is smokeable.

Write It Down

Write down ten good things about being a nonsmoker - and then write out ten bad things about smoking. Do it. It really helps.

Don’t Pretend

Don't pretend smoking wasn't enjoyable – it was. This is like losing a good friend – and it's okay to grieve the loss. Feel that grief, don't worry, it's okay. Feel, and you heal. Stay with it - you can do it!

Affirm Yourself

Several times a day, quietly repeat to yourself the affirmation, "I am a nonsmoker." Many quitters see themselves as smokers who are just not smoking for the moment. They have a self-image as smokers who still want a cigarette. Silently repeating the affirmation "I am a nonsmoker" will help you change your view of yourself, and, even if it may seem silly to you, this is actually useful. Use it!

Holding Out

Here is perhaps the most valuable information among these points. In Phase 2, the period which begins a few weeks after quitting, the urges to smoke will subside considerably. However, it's vital to understand that from time to time, you will still be suddenly overwhelmed with a desire for "just one cigarette." This will happen unexpectedly, during moments of stress, whether negative stress or positive (at a party, or on vacation). If you are unprepared to resist, succumbing to that "one cigarette" will lead you directly back to smoking. Remember the following secret: in these surprise attacks during Phase 2 - and they will definitely come - do your deep breathing, and hold on for five minutes, and the urge will pass. In conclusion Remember that if you quit you will live longer and feel better. Quitting will lower your chances of having a heart attack, stroke, or cancer. The people you live with, especially children, will be healthier. If you are pregnant, you will improve your chances of having a healthy baby. And you will have extra money to spend on things other than cigarettes. So get the information and support you need to make the stopping process a little easier. Seek the help of family and friends, and most important decide you want to do it and visualize yourself as a non-smoker.

Ethyl Acetate: Toxic chemical in After Shave lotions and Nail enamel removers.

2010-04-24T17:23:00.002+05:30

Ethyl acetate is a narcotic.

It also features on EPA hazardous waste list.

It is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract, and may cause headache and narcosis (stupor), de-fatting effect on skin and may cause drying and cracking, anemia with leukocytosis and damage to liver and kidneys.

It is advisable to wash thoroughly after handling.

It is found in after shave lotions, cologne, perfume, shampoo, nail color ,nail enamel remover, fabric softener, dishwashing liquid.

Packaged Drinking Water is not Mineral Water

2010-04-24T17:03:00.002+05:30

Packaged Drinking is filtered water that is sodium-free and has no nutritional value. The flavored beverages contain flavors, some sodium and other chemicals.
Many consumers prefer "spring" water, perhaps believing it is "natural" or somehow better. Mineral Water is not spring water, which must come from a spring, a natural underground source.

We need about 2.4 L of water every day, to maintain health. Water producers may state that their water is purer than tap water, which makes sense if they perform addition filtration, but they cannot say it is healthier.

The advertisements shown for purity is for marketing purpoese only. The water is only purified.

Ethanol: A poisonous solvent used in all synthetic products.

2010-04-24T16:45:00.002+05:30

Ethanol is a primary alcohol and a very common laboratory solvent.

It features on EPA hazardous waste list.
It creates fatigue, irritating to eyes and upper respiratory tract even in low concentrations.

Inhalation of ethanol vapors can have effects similar to those characteristic of ingestion.
These include an initial stimulatory effect followed by drowsiness impaired vision, ataxia, stupor.

It also causes CNS disorder.

It is found in bar and liquid hand soap, cologne, perfume, shaving cream, deodorants, dishwashing liquid, air freshener.

Hydantoin DMDM causes dermatitis.

2010-04-24T16:37:00.001+05:30

Hydantoin DMDM causes dermatitis.

It acts as a preservative and may release formaldehyde.

It is also suspected to be a carcinogen.

Rats developed cancer when injected with this chemical.

Mifepristone: A Abortion Pill

2010-04-24T16:20:00.002+05:30

Mifepristone is the active ingredient of abortion pills. Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid compound used as a pharmaceutical. It is used as an abortifacient in the first two months of pregnancy, and in smaller doses as an emergency contraceptive. During early trials, it was known as RU-486, its designation at the Roussel Uclaf company, which designed the drug. The drug was initially made available in France, and other countries then followed—often amid controversy. It is marketed under tradenames Mifegyne and Mifeprex.

Disodium EDTA: Chelating Agent is Carcinogenic.

2010-04-24T15:59:00.003+05:30

Disodium EDT, a complex salt, may contain dangerous levels of ethylene oxide and or dixane, both of which are potent toxins and a manufacturing by- product.

It is used as chelating agent in quantitative analysis of metals in Research laboratories and chemical companies and Institutions.

It is carcinogenic.

Dioxane: Flammable and explosive chemical in Shampoos and moisturizers.

2010-04-24T15:56:00.001+05:30

Dioxane, also known as 1,4 Dioxane, is a flammable liquid and may form explosive chemicals, especially when anhydrous (very dry).

It enters the body when people breathe air or consume water or food contaminated with dioxane.

It can also be absorbed through skin contact.

It causes watering of the eyes, redness of skin and eyes, pain, headaches, nausea, cough, sore throat, abdominal pain, dizziness, drowsiness, vomiting, unconsciousness.

It is used in facial moisturizer/treatment, shampoo and a variety of cosmetics.

How to prepare Green tea?

2010-04-24T15:51:00.003+05:30

Green tea is a wonderful beverage with potential health benefits(basically for losing fats). But if you're not familiar with a few basic techniques, you can wind up with a tea that's grassy, bitter, or just too strong. Here are the steps to prepare Green Tea:

Determine how many cups of green tea has to be made. The original guideline for brewing is one teaspoon (5 g) of green tea leaves (or pearls) per one cup of water. This will yield one cup of brewed tea.

Measure out the desired amount of green tea leaves (or pearls) and place them in your tea strainer or sieve.

Fill a non-reactive pot or pan (glass or stainless steel) with water and heat it to about 180 °F (80 °C). You can use a candy thermometer to watch the temperature, but if you don't have one, then keep an eye on the water so that it doesn't boil.

Place the filled tea strainer or sieve into an empty mug.

Pour the heated water into the mug, over the tea leaves.

Steep the tea leaves for 2 - 3 minutes but not any longer, or else your tea will become bitter.

Let your tea cool a few moments and enjoy your perfect cup of green tea.

Green Tea Keeps your body fit and fine at all times.

Dioform: Harmful Chemical in toothpastes.

2010-04-24T15:42:00.001+05:30

Dioform is used in many toothpastes and other tooth whiteners.

It damages the teeth enamel and weakens the protective shell.

Dimethylamine: Cosmetic carcinogen banned in EU Cosmetics.

2010-04-24T15:38:00.002+05:30

Dimethylamine is known to cause cancer.

It can irritate and cause severe burns of the skin.

It can irritate and burn the eyes with possible permanent damage, even causing blindness.

Prolonged exposure may damage the liver.

It can affect you when breathed in and by passing through the skin it can cause cough, headache, sore throat, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, slurred speech, irritable mood.

It is used in de-hairing, detergents and pesticides and in leather tanning and pharmaceutical products. It is also used as a laboratory solvent.

It is already banned in EU cosmetics.

Carboner 9ds34, 940, 941, 960, 961C

2010-04-24T11:19:00.002+05:30

Carboner 9ds34, 940, 941, 960, 961C is used as thickener and stabilizer in creams, toothpaste, eye makeup and bathing products.

It may cause eye irritation.

Carboner 9ds34, 940, 941, 960, 961C

2010-04-24T11:19:00.000+05:30

Carboner 9ds34, 940, 941, 960, 961C is used as thickener and stabilizer in creams, toothpaste, eye makeup and bathing products.

It may cause eye irritation.

Dibutyl phthalate: Highly Toxic Cosmetic chemicals.

2010-04-24T11:14:00.002+05:30

Dibutyl phthalate is used in nail polish in combination with toluene and formaldehyde.

It is a colourless, oily liquid with a week aromatic odour.

It causes irritation of eyes, nose throat, abdominal pain, diarrhoea.

It may cause nausea, tearing of eyes, vomiting, dizziness.

Long term exposure may cause liver and kidney damage, the development of foetus and male testes.

It may cause mutations, reproductive damage, headache, drowsiness, seizures, affect nervous system, harm to the unborn child, possible risk of impaired fertility.

It is dangerous for the environment.

It is already banned in EU cosmetics.

It is used in epoxy resins, insect repellent, clothing and as a solvent for perfumes, oils and textiles.

Diethanolamine: Toxic and Carcinogenic

2010-04-24T11:10:00.002+05:30

DEA (Diethanolamine) is a synthetic solvent used in detergents and humectant (moisturizer) soaps and allied products.

It is widely used in brake fluid, industrial degreaser and as an antifreezing agent.

Mostly used in liquid soap, shampoo and conditioner.

It can be harmful for the liver, kidneys and pancreas.

It may cause cancer in various organs.

It irritates skin, eyes, mucous membranes.

It is also found in hair dye, lotions, cream, bubble bath, liquid dishwashing detergent and laundry soap.

It creates health risk especially to infants and young children.

It also forms nitrosamines which are known to be carcinogens.

It causes allergic reactions and contact dermatitis.

It is hazardous and toxic.

Cocomidopropyl Betaine:Shampoos causes Eyelid dermatitis.

2010-04-24T11:08:00.001+05:30

Cocomidopropyl Betaine is used in shampoo in combination with other surfactants and synthetic chemicals.

It causes eyelid dermatitis.

Cocamide DEA: A Carcinogen in shampoos.

2010-04-24T11:04:00.002+05:30

(Cocamide diethanolamine) , a nitrosamine in all cosmetic ingredients is known to be carcinogen causing allergic reactions and contact dermatitis.

When it is applied to the skin, it is carcinogenic.

It is mostly found in shampoo.

The National Toxicology Program in the U.S. published in 1998 a study that topical skin application of cocamide DEA created in mice and rats liver tumours.

Phormia Regina feeding on Sugar droplet

2010-04-24T10:40:00.001+05:30

Phormia feeding on a droplet of sugar water colored red

Natural Cure for Jaundice.

2010-04-24T10:31:00.002+05:30

Jaundice is a yellow color in the skin, the mucous membranes, or the eyes. The yellow pigment is from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells.
It arises for many reasons, including blood incompatibilities, blood diseases, genetic syndromes, hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile duct blockage, other liver diseases, infections, or medications.

The following are the list of herbs which are known to have reputed action against liver disorders in particular Jaundice.

1. Azadirachta indica
2. Eclipta prostrata
3. Indigofera tinctoria
4. Phyllanthus acidus
5. Phyllanthus amarus
6. Phyllanthus urinaria
7. Terminalia chebula

AZADIRACHTA INDICA

English Name : Neem Tree
Family Name : Meliaceae
Parts Used : Root-bark, fruit or berry, seeds , flowers, leaves,
Oil and gum.
Action : Bitter, emetic, anthelmintic, astringent, stimulant
Chemical constituents : Active principle is a light yellow non-crystalline resinous substance without alkaloidal properties.
Uses : The leaf is made dried and is powdered well and to this half the part of Bishops weed (Carum copticum) and salt is added. This when given internally helps in curing jaundice.

ECLIPTA PROSTRATA

English Name : Trailing Eclipta
Family Name : Compositae
Parts Used : The whole plant
Action : Hepatic tonic, alterative, cholagogue, emetic
Chemical constituents : Ecliptine
Uses :·

The whole plant is made dried and is powdered well . This when given internally cures the disease.

The root powder is also used for enlarged liver , spleen, and dropsy.

INDIGOFERA TINCTORIA

English Name : Indian Indigo Plant
Family Name : Papilionaceae
Parts Used : Plant and expressed juice
Action : Antiseptic, astringent, antiperiodic, alterative,
Stimulant.
Chemical constituents : Indican, Indigotin.
Uses :

· The juice of the leaves mixed with honey is used in enlargement of liver and spleen.
· Also it is an antidote for various type of poisons.

PHYLLANTHUS ACIDUS

English Name : Country goose-berry
Family Name : Euphorbiaceae
Parts Used : The Whole plant
Action : Anti bilious, laxative, diaphoretic
Chemical constituents : Phyllanthine, Hypo phyllanthine and
Flavanoids(Quercetin)
Uses :

It is made into a paste with butter milk and given
Internally during early morning time for 3 to 4
Days . This subsides jaundice.

PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS

English Name : Indian Phyllanthus
Family Name : Euphorbiaceae
Parts Used : The whole plant
Action : Hepatic tonic, astringent, refrigerant
Chemical constituents : Phyllanthine, Hypo phyllanthine and
Flavanoids(Quercetin)
Uses :

The root of the plant is made into paste with milk .
This is given internally for jaundice.

PHYLLANTHUS URINARIA

English Name : Gripe weed, Shatterstone, or Leafflower
Family Name : Euphorbiaceae
Parts Used : The whole plant
Action : Tonic, astringent, diuretic
Chemical constituents : Phyllanthin
Uses :

The decoction of the whole plant cures the disease.

TERMINALIA CHEBULA

English Name : Chebulic myrobalan, ink nut
Family Name : Combretaceae
Parts used : Dried fruits
Action : Tonic, astringent,alterative,stomachic
Chemical constituents : Gallic acid, tannic acid, chebulinic acid.
Uses :

Chebulic myrobalans are used in fevers, cough, asthma, chronic diarrhoea, dysentry, colic and enlarged liver and spleen