Cocomidopropyl Betaine is used in shampoo in combination with other surfactants and synthetic chemicals.
It causes eyelid dermatitis.
It causes eyelid dermatitis.
Cocamide DEA: A Carcinogen in shampoos.
(Cocamide diethanolamine) , a nitrosamine in all cosmetic ingredients is known to be carcinogen causing allergic reactions and contact dermatitis.
When it is applied to the skin, it is carcinogenic.
It is mostly found in shampoo.
The National Toxicology Program in the U.S. published in 1998 a study that topical skin application of cocamide DEA created in mice and rats liver tumours.
When it is applied to the skin, it is carcinogenic.
It is mostly found in shampoo.
The National Toxicology Program in the U.S. published in 1998 a study that topical skin application of cocamide DEA created in mice and rats liver tumours.
Phormia Regina feeding on Sugar droplet
Phormia feeding on a droplet of sugar water colored red
Natural Cure for Jaundice.
Jaundice is a yellow color in the skin, the mucous membranes, or the eyes. The yellow pigment is from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells.
It arises for many reasons, including blood incompatibilities, blood diseases, genetic syndromes, hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile duct blockage, other liver diseases, infections, or medications.
The following are the list of herbs which are known to have reputed action against liver disorders in particular Jaundice.
1. Azadirachta indica
2. Eclipta prostrata
3. Indigofera tinctoria
4. Phyllanthus acidus
5. Phyllanthus amarus
6. Phyllanthus urinaria
7. Terminalia chebula
AZADIRACHTA INDICA
English Name : Neem Tree
Family Name : Meliaceae
Parts Used : Root-bark, fruit or berry, seeds , flowers, leaves,
Oil and gum.
Action : Bitter, emetic, anthelmintic, astringent, stimulant
Chemical constituents : Active principle is a light yellow non-crystalline resinous substance without alkaloidal properties.
Uses : The leaf is made dried and is powdered well and to this half the part of Bishops weed (Carum copticum) and salt is added. This when given internally helps in curing jaundice.
ECLIPTA PROSTRATA
English Name : Trailing Eclipta
Family Name : Compositae
Parts Used : The whole plant
Action : Hepatic tonic, alterative, cholagogue, emetic
Chemical constituents : Ecliptine
Uses :·
The whole plant is made dried and is powdered well . This when given internally cures the disease.
The root powder is also used for enlarged liver , spleen, and dropsy.
INDIGOFERA TINCTORIA
English Name : Indian Indigo Plant
Family Name : Papilionaceae
Parts Used : Plant and expressed juice
Action : Antiseptic, astringent, antiperiodic, alterative,
Stimulant.
Chemical constituents : Indican, Indigotin.
Uses :
· The juice of the leaves mixed with honey is used in enlargement of liver and spleen.
· Also it is an antidote for various type of poisons.
PHYLLANTHUS ACIDUS
English Name : Country goose-berry
Family Name : Euphorbiaceae
Parts Used : The Whole plant
Action : Anti bilious, laxative, diaphoretic
Chemical constituents : Phyllanthine, Hypo phyllanthine and
Flavanoids(Quercetin)
Uses :
It is made into a paste with butter milk and given
Internally during early morning time for 3 to 4
Days . This subsides jaundice.
PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS
English Name : Indian Phyllanthus
Family Name : Euphorbiaceae
Parts Used : The whole plant
Action : Hepatic tonic, astringent, refrigerant
Chemical constituents : Phyllanthine, Hypo phyllanthine and
Flavanoids(Quercetin)
Uses :
The root of the plant is made into paste with milk .
This is given internally for jaundice.
PHYLLANTHUS URINARIA
English Name : Gripe weed, Shatterstone, or Leafflower
Family Name : Euphorbiaceae
Parts Used : The whole plant
Action : Tonic, astringent, diuretic
Chemical constituents : Phyllanthin
Uses :
The decoction of the whole plant cures the disease.
TERMINALIA CHEBULA
English Name : Chebulic myrobalan, ink nut
Family Name : Combretaceae
Parts used : Dried fruits
Action : Tonic, astringent,alterative,stomachic
Chemical constituents : Gallic acid, tannic acid, chebulinic acid.
Uses :
Chebulic myrobalans are used in fevers, cough, asthma, chronic diarrhoea, dysentry, colic and enlarged liver and spleen
List of Abbreviations used in Regulatory Affairs.
ADR - Adverse Drug Reaction
ADME - Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion
ADROIT - Adverse Drug Reactions On line Information Tracking
AI - Adverse Incident
AIMDD - Active Implantable Medical Devices Directive
AITS - Adverse Incident Tracking System
ARM - Application to Reclassify a Medicine
ASPPs - Anonymised Single Patient Print Outs
ASR - Annual Safety Report
ATC - Anatomical, Therapeutic, Chemical
BAN - British Approved Names
BLA - Biological License Application
BNF - British National Formulary
BP - British Pharmacopoeia
BSE - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
CA - Competent Authority
CAPLA - Computer Assisted Product Licence Application
CANDA - Computer Assisted New Drug Application
CD - Controlled Drug
CEP - Central Enquiry Point, Certificate of European Pharmacopeia (certificate of suitability)
CFC - Chlorofluorocarbons
CJD - Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
CMC - Chemical, Manufacture and Control
CMS - Concerned Member State
CP - Centralised Procedure
CPP - Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product
CR - Computed radiology
CRO - Contract Research Organisation
CT - Computed tomography
CTA - Clinical Trial Application
CTC - Clinical Trials Certificate
CTD - Clinical Trials Directive, Common Technical Document
CTX - Clinical Trials Exemption scheme
DB - Device Bulletin
DCP - Decentralized Procedure
DDX - Doctors and Dentist Exemptions
DIR - Diagnostic Imaging Review
DMF - Drug Master File
DMRC - Defective Medicines Report Centre
DR - Digital radiology
EC - European Community
eCTD - electronic Common Technical Document
EEA - European Economic Area
EEC - European Economic Community
EP - European Pharmacoepia
EPAR - European Public Assessment Report
EPID - Extended Public Information Document
EQA - European Quality Award
ERA - Environmental Risk Assessment
EU - European Union
EUDRA - European Union Drug Regulatory Authorities
FOI - Freedom Of Information
GCP - Good Clinical Practice
GDP - Good Distribution Practice
GHTF - Global Harmonisation Task Force
GLP - Good Laboratory Practice
GLPMA - Good Laboratory Practice Monitoring Authority
GMDN - Global Medical Device Nomenclature
GMO - Genetically Modified Organism
GMP - Good Manufacturing Practice
GMPLA - Good Manufacturing Practice Licensing Authority
GP - General Practitioner
GPRD - General Practice Research Database
GPvP - Good Pharmacovigilance Practice
GSI - Government Secure Intranet
GSL - General Sale List
I&AC - Imaging and Acute Care
IC - Information Centre
ICES - Integrating Community Equipment Services
IM - Intramuscular
IM(ER)R - Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations
ImPACT - Imaging Performance Assessment of CT scanners
IMPD - Investigational Medicinal Product Dossier
IMS - Information Management Strategy
IMP - Investigational Medicinal Products
IND - Investigational New DrugI
NN - International Non-proprietary Names
IRR - Ionising Radiation Regulations
IVDD - In Vitro Diagnostic Directive
ISBN - International Standard Book Number
IUCD - IntraUterine Contraceptive Device
IUD - IntraUterine Device
IVDs - In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices
IT - Information Technology
IV - Intravenous
MA - Marketing Authorisation
MAA - Marketing Authorisation Application
MAIL - Medicines ACT Information Letter
MAL - Medicines Act Leaflet
MDA - Medical Device Alert
MDD - Medical Devices Directive
MDR - Medical Device Reporting, Medical Device Regulation
MDLO - Medical Device Liaison Officer
MEDDRA (MedDRA) - Medical Dictionary for Drug Regulatory Affairs
ML - Manufacturer's Licence
MORE - Manufacturer's On-line Reporting Environment
MP - Member of Parliament
MRA - Mutual Recognition Agreement
MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRP - Mutual Recognition Procedure
MTL- Medicines Testing Laboratory
MTS - Medicines Testing Scheme
NAS - New Active Substance
NB - Notified Body
NCE - New Chemical Entity
NDA - New Drug Application
NOP - Non-Orthodox Practitioner
ODD - Orphan Drug Designation
OTC - Over-The-Counter products
P (medicine) - Pharmacy medicines
PAPs - Product Analysis Prints
PCT - Primary Care Trust
PD - Pharmacodynamy
PET - Positron Emission Tomography
PET/CT - Positron Emission Tomography and Computerised Tomography
PIL - Patient Information Leaflet
PIP - Paediatric Investigation Plan
PK - Pharmacokinetic
PL - Product Licence, Package LeafletPL (PI) - Product Licence (Parallel Import)
PLR - Product Licence of Righ
tPLUS - Product Licence User System
PMS - Post Marketing Surveillance
POM - Prescription Only Medicines
PPI - Patient Pack Initiative
PRRs - Proportioned Reporting Ratios
PSURs - Periodic Safety Update Reports
PUMA - Paediatric Use Marketing Authorisation
QA - Quality Assurance
QC - Quality Control
QOS - Quality Overall Summary
QP - Qualified Person
QRD - Quality Review of Documents
RAMA - Remote Access for Marketing Authorisations
R&D - Research & Development
rINN - Recommended International Non-proprietary Name
RMP - Risk Management Plan
RMS - Reference Member State
RP - Responsible Person
SABS - Safety Alert Broadcast System
SAMM - Safety Assessment of Marketed Medicines
SI - Statutory Instrument
SMF - Site Master File
SOP - Standard Operating Procedure
SPC or SmPC - Summary of Product Characteristics
SPECT - Single photon emission computed tomography
SSRIs - Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
TCM - Traditional Chinese Medicine
THMPD - Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Directive
THMRS - Traditional Herbal Medicines Registration Scheme
THR - Traditional Herbal Registration
TSE - Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy
USAN - United States Adopted Names
USP - United States Pharmacopeiav
AIC - Virtual Adverse Incident Centre
VAMF - Vaccine Antigen Master File
VMD - Veterinary Medicines Directorate
VTE - Venous ThromboEmbolism
WL - Wholesale Dealer's Licence
Coal Tar derivatives: A very Potential carcinogen used as FDC in Cosmetics.
It is used in almost all shampoos formulated to treat dandruff and flaky scalp. It is also used in food colours for preparation of candies, lozenges.............
It is often disguised with names such as FD, FDC or DF&C colour.
It causes potentially severe allergic reactions, asthma attacks, fatigue, nervousness, headaches, nausea, lack of concentration, cancer, carcinogen, cough, redness of skin, burning sensation, can irritate nose, throat, hoarseness, nosebleeds, coughing, phlegm, changes in skin pigment and a rash.
A 2001 California study published in the International Journal of Cancer found that women who used to permanent hair dyes once a month were twice likely to develop bladder cancer!
There are many factors involved with hair colouring.
Studies in the U.S. have suggested that the chemical reaction created by hair cololuring products may be having a carcinogenic effect and have also associated hair colourings with an increased risk of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Try to avoid dark hair dyes entirely and choose products made with natural ingredients instead.
It is already Banned in EU cosmetics!
It is often disguised with names such as FD, FDC or DF&C colour.
It causes potentially severe allergic reactions, asthma attacks, fatigue, nervousness, headaches, nausea, lack of concentration, cancer, carcinogen, cough, redness of skin, burning sensation, can irritate nose, throat, hoarseness, nosebleeds, coughing, phlegm, changes in skin pigment and a rash.
A 2001 California study published in the International Journal of Cancer found that women who used to permanent hair dyes once a month were twice likely to develop bladder cancer!
There are many factors involved with hair colouring.
Studies in the U.S. have suggested that the chemical reaction created by hair cololuring products may be having a carcinogenic effect and have also associated hair colourings with an increased risk of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Try to avoid dark hair dyes entirely and choose products made with natural ingredients instead.
It is already Banned in EU cosmetics!
Benzaldehyde: A poisonous scenting agent.
It is a narcotic, sensitizer, local anesthetic and CNS depressant.
It causes irritation to the mouth, throat, eyes, skin, lungs and GI tract, causing nausea and abdominal pain.
It may cause kidney damage.
Do not use it with contact lenses.
It is commonly found in perfume, cologne, hairspray, laundry bleach, deodorants, detergents, Vaseline lotion, shaving cream, shampoo, bar soap, dishwasher detergent.
It can also be smelt in the Appy Fizz drink, which is a soft drink.
It causes irritation to the mouth, throat, eyes, skin, lungs and GI tract, causing nausea and abdominal pain.
It may cause kidney damage.
Do not use it with contact lenses.
It is commonly found in perfume, cologne, hairspray, laundry bleach, deodorants, detergents, Vaseline lotion, shaving cream, shampoo, bar soap, dishwasher detergent.
It can also be smelt in the Appy Fizz drink, which is a soft drink.
Alpha-Terpineol: A Poisonous Scent in Soaps.
It is highly irritating to mucous membranes.
Aspiration into the lungs can produce pneumonitis or even fatal edema.
It can also cause excitement, ataxia (loss of muscular coordination), hypothermia, CNS respiratory depression, headache.
It is advisable to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact.
It is found in perfume, cologne, laundry detergent, bleach powder, laundry bleach, fabric softener, stickup air freshener, Vaseline lotion, soap, hairspray, after shave, roll-on deodorant.
Aspiration into the lungs can produce pneumonitis or even fatal edema.
It can also cause excitement, ataxia (loss of muscular coordination), hypothermia, CNS respiratory depression, headache.
It is advisable to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact.
It is found in perfume, cologne, laundry detergent, bleach powder, laundry bleach, fabric softener, stickup air freshener, Vaseline lotion, soap, hairspray, after shave, roll-on deodorant.
Acetone: A chemical solvent used in cosmetics.
Acetone features on EPA, RCRA, CERCLA hazardous waste list.
Inhalation of acetone can cause dryness of the mouth and throats, dizziness, nausea, in coordination, slurred speech, drowsiness, and, in severe exposures, coma.
It acts primarily as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant.
It is found in cologne, dishwashing liquid, detergent, nail enamel remover.
Inhalation of acetone can cause dryness of the mouth and throats, dizziness, nausea, in coordination, slurred speech, drowsiness, and, in severe exposures, coma.
It acts primarily as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant.
It is found in cologne, dishwashing liquid, detergent, nail enamel remover.
Acetamide MEA: Moisturiser, a slow killer.
Acetamide MEA is also known as N-Acetyl acid amide or N-Acetyl ethanolamine.
It is used in lipsticks and cream blusher to retain moisture.
It causes adverse reactions.
It is carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic.
It is used in lipsticks and cream blusher to retain moisture.
It causes adverse reactions.
It is carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic.
Clementiny: The world's smallest Citrus fruit
The world's smallest citrus fruit - a third the size of its larger cousin at just 4 cms wide and 2 cms high - is now available in Britain.
It is now being sold in the Tesco Supermarket chain which is also noffering other mini fruits, including mini bananas and mini mangoes, as part of the Christmas range.
It is believed that it will appeal to children because of its easy-to-peel skin, absence of pips and high juice content.
Selenium sulfide in shampoos erodes Gold Ornaments and jewelries.
Selenium sulfide, which is used in shampoos for the treatment of Dandruff and scalp dermatitis, is used for the extraction of Glod, Silver and Copper.
It also has potential side effects. Use of Selenium sulfide can cause skin irritation, dry skin, hair loss, can irritate eyes on contact with possible eye damage, high exposure may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, garlic odour of breath, metallic taste, and coated tongue, known to cause cancer, may damage the liver and kidneys, prolonged exposure may casue pallor, nervousness and mood changes.
However, the most dangerous property of this compound, when used in shampoo is that it can erode the Gold Ornaments or jewelry that is worn.
Hence, a caution notice is given along with the shampoo on the usage leaflets or on the bottle stating that Gold ornaments should not be worn while administration.
One such shampoo is manufactured by Glenmark Pharmaceuticals.
It also has potential side effects. Use of Selenium sulfide can cause skin irritation, dry skin, hair loss, can irritate eyes on contact with possible eye damage, high exposure may cause headache, nausea, vomiting, garlic odour of breath, metallic taste, and coated tongue, known to cause cancer, may damage the liver and kidneys, prolonged exposure may casue pallor, nervousness and mood changes.
However, the most dangerous property of this compound, when used in shampoo is that it can erode the Gold Ornaments or jewelry that is worn.
Hence, a caution notice is given along with the shampoo on the usage leaflets or on the bottle stating that Gold ornaments should not be worn while administration.
One such shampoo is manufactured by Glenmark Pharmaceuticals.
Gold Uses in Aerospace and NASA
If you are going to spend billions of dollars on a vehicle that when launched will travel on a voyage where the possibility of lubrication, maintenance and repair is absolutely zero, then building it with extremely dependable materials is essential. This is exactly why gold is used in hundreds of ways in every space vehicle that NASA launches.
Gold is used in circuitry because it is a dependable conductor and connector. In addition, many parts of every space vehicle are fitted with gold-coated polyester film. This film reflects infrared radiation and helps stabilize the temperature of the spacecraft. Without this coating, dark colored parts of the spacecraft would absorb significant amounts of heat.
Gold is also used as a lubricant between mechanical parts. In the vacuum of space, organic lubricants would volatilize and they would be broken down by the intense radiation beyond Earth's atmosphere. Gold has a very low shear strength and thin films of gold between critical moving parts serves as a lubricant - the gold molecules slip past one another under the forces of friction and that provides a lubricant action.
Gold used in Computers
Gold is used in many places in the standard desktop or laptop computer.
The rapid and accurate transmission of digital information through the computer and from one component to another requires an efficient and reliable conductor. Gold meets these requirements better than any other metal. The importance of high quality and reliable performance justifies the high cost.
Edge connectors used to mount microprocessor and memory chips onto the motherboard and the plug-and-socket connectors used to attach cables all contain gold. The gold in these components is generally electroplated onto other metals and alloyed with small amounts of nickel or cobalt to increase durability.
Synthesis of Triacontanol: Plant Growth Regulator
Triacontanol is a plant Growth regulator. It was also extracted from the waxy leaves of the plant, Medicago sativa also known as Alfalfa.
It is manufactured by many agrochemical companies in India. One such company is Universal speciality Chemicals.
It is manufactured by many agrochemical companies in India. One such company is Universal speciality Chemicals.Seaweed Granules manufacturers
Seaweed granules (Ascophyllum nodosum) is a very effective fertilizer supplement to help restore the soil and nutrient conditions. It increases in biological activity and stimulates seed germination. It helps in better absorption of soil nutrients by plants. It increases the development of radicular system and stimulates chlorophyll formation.
List of Seaweed Granules manufacturers:
East Coast Seaweed Inc
Chaitanya Biologicals Pvt. Ltd.
Solufeed Plant Products & Services Pvt. Ltd.
Vanashree Agriculture Pvt. Ltd. (Vanashree Agrotech)
Universal Speciality Chemicals Private Limited
Go Organic
Varuna Bio Products
Aquatic Chemicals
V Kumar And Sons
Vardhaman Fertilizers & Seeds Private Limited
Agri Bio Care India
Hifield- AG Chem India Private Limited
VMJ Agrochemicals
Shri Murudeshwar Chemicals
Khandelwal Biotechnology Laboratory
Hi- Tech Bio Organics
Leeds Kem
Vashi Exports
Agri Business & Consultants
Forenta Agritech Corporation
Suboneyo Chemicals Pharmaceuticals (P) Limited
Viggi Agro Products
Kisan Group of Companies, Ahmedabad
Patil Krushi Udyog
Triagni Organic Life Enterprise
Marine Bio Products
List of Seaweed Granules manufacturers:
East Coast Seaweed Inc
Chaitanya Biologicals Pvt. Ltd.
Solufeed Plant Products & Services Pvt. Ltd.
Vanashree Agriculture Pvt. Ltd. (Vanashree Agrotech)
Universal Speciality Chemicals Private Limited
Go Organic
Varuna Bio Products
Aquatic Chemicals
V Kumar And Sons
Vardhaman Fertilizers & Seeds Private Limited
Agri Bio Care India
Hifield- AG Chem India Private Limited
VMJ Agrochemicals
Shri Murudeshwar Chemicals
Khandelwal Biotechnology Laboratory
Hi- Tech Bio Organics
Leeds Kem
Vashi Exports
Agri Business & Consultants
Forenta Agritech Corporation
Suboneyo Chemicals Pharmaceuticals (P) Limited
Viggi Agro Products
Kisan Group of Companies, Ahmedabad
Patil Krushi Udyog
Triagni Organic Life Enterprise
Marine Bio Products
Nitrobenzene 20%: List of Manufacturers
Nitrobenzene is a flowering stimulant which is very effective in increasing flowering and also enhances early flowering and fruiting. total yield and the quality of the product depends on the use of Nitrobenzene.
List of Nitrobenzene manufacturers:
Tender Sips
Agrocare India Private Limited
Yash Chemicals
Mandar Agrotech
Viggi Agro Products
Surya Organics & Chemicals
Samir Tech-Chem Private Limited
Clarisis Organics Limited
Sadhana Nitro Chem Limited
VMJ Agrochemicals
Bhaskar Agro Chemicals Limited
Ascent Agrochem Private Limited
Nahar Agro World
Shree Venkatesha Agro Industries
Khandelwal Biotechnology Laboratory
List of Nitrobenzene manufacturers:
Tender Sips
Agrocare India Private Limited
Yash Chemicals
Mandar Agrotech
Viggi Agro Products
Surya Organics & Chemicals
Samir Tech-Chem Private Limited
Clarisis Organics Limited
Sadhana Nitro Chem Limited
VMJ Agrochemicals
Bhaskar Agro Chemicals Limited
Ascent Agrochem Private Limited
Nahar Agro World
Shree Venkatesha Agro Industries
Khandelwal Biotechnology Laboratory
Plant Micronutrients: List of Manufacturers
Zn-EDTA
Fe-EDTA
Cu-EDTA
Mn-EDTA
Ca-EDTA
Mg-EDTA
The above plant micronutrients are very effective for the correction of defeciencies of nutrients in plants.
Micronutrients increases the yield of crops and thus the agricultural productivity.
micronutrients are used in combination of chelated/Unchelated metals depending upon soil condition, defeciencies of metals and other crops. etc.
List of plant Micronutrient manufacturers:
Xiamen Chemical Industry Co , Ltd
Xiamen Aolei Import And Export Co., Ltd.
Shandong Qindao Chem Factory
Yichang Municipal Pacific Chemicals Co., Ltd.
SUZHOU LIANSHENG CHEMISTRY CO., LTD
Sichuan Highlight Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.
LIAOYANG TIANYUAN CHEMICAL PLANT
Qingdao Galaxy Nova Int'l Trade Co., Ltd.
Widezone International (Hongkong)Co., Ltd
Qingdao Golconda Trade Co Ltd
Kingsci Biotechnology Co., Ltd
Universal Impex Corporation
CHANGZHOU DAYUAN CHEMICAL CO., LTD
KY Chemicals Co., Ltd
Sichuan Arts & Crafts Import & Export Corporation
A&F INTERNATIONAL CO.,
Henan Yuzhongao Technological Agriculture Co., Ltd
Changheng Chemicals Ltd
First Vita Plus Philippines
Suzhou Liansheng Chemistry Co., Ltd
Lianhua Chemicals Co., Ltd.
Nanchang Changmao Chemical Industry Co., Ltd
China Hunan Common Future Arts & Crafts Corp Ltd – Chemical Dept
Shandong Tianci International Trading Co., Ltd. Beijing Branch
Yichang Municipal Pacific Chemicals Co., Ltd.
Gujarat Boron Derivatives Pvt. Ltd
Chakradhar Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.
Herb based chemical for Cancer from Club moss Lycopodium serratum: Serratezomine A an alkaloid
Club moss Lycopodium serratum is a flowerless plant whose potent brew of alkaloids, which could have anticancer properties and may combat memory loss, have drawn considerable scientific and medical interest. Now, scientists have made one of these alkaloids in a laboratory, in a quantity sufficient for use. However, the plant makes many of these compounds in extremely low amounts, hindering efforts to to test their therapeutic value. That is no longer a problem for what is arguably the most complex of these alkaloids, a compound called Serratezomine A - an alkaloid that could have anti-cancer properties and may tackle memory loss. A team of synthetic chemists at Vanderbilt University reported that they have created an efficient way to make this molecule from scratch. It took six years for the researchers to develop the process because the researchers had to invent some entirely new chemical methods to complete the synthesis. These methods should make it easier to synthesize other Lycopodium alkaloids as well as other natural compounds wiith therapeutic potential.Besides therapeutic possibilities, the researchers were attracted to other compounds which were among the most intricately structured and functionally dense of all the small molecules produced by living organisms. the compounds consist of carbon and Nitrogen atoms assembled in unique ring structures.
It took years to develop a new chemical reaction and then apply it to the natural product target.
In the world of total synthesis chemistry, it is not enough to figure out a way to synthesize a naturally occuring molecule. The process has to produce large enough quantities of the molecule that it can be tested for biological activity. that means that the number of sequential steps in the process - what chemists refer to as the Longest linear Sequence - should be as small as possible to maximise production.
For example, if a sequence has 30 steps and each step has an 80 percent yield, the overall yield of the sequence is about a tenth of one percent. At the same time. one low-yield step will knock a process out of contention.
Price List of Solar products in India
Solar Water Heaters
01 Solar Water Heater(Evacuated Tube Collector)
Capacity : 125 LPDTemp. : 70 – 85ºC
Warranty : 7 Years
With Electric Back-up for rainy season 450$.
02 Solar Water Heater(Evacuated Tube Collector)
Capacity : 250 LPDTemp. : 70 – 85ºC
Warranty : 7 Years
With Electric Back-up for rainy season 705$
03 Solar Water Heater(Evacuated Tube Collector)
Capacity : 1000 LPD & AboveTemp. : 70 – 85ºC
Warranty : 7 Years
With Electric Back-up for rainy season 3.3$ / Ltr.
04 Solar Water Heater(Flat Plate Collector)
Capacity : 125 LPDTemp. : 60 - 70ºC
Warranty : 5 Years
With Electric Back-up for rainy season 500$
05 Solar Water Heater(Flat Plate Collector)
Capacity : 250 LPDTemp. : 60 - 70ºC
Warranty : 5 Years
With Electric Back-up for rainy season 760$
06 Solar Water Heater(Flat Plate Collector)
Capacity : 1000 LPD & AboveTemp. : 60 - 70ºC
Warranty : 5 Years
With Electric Back-up for rainy season 3.6$ / Ltr.
Solar Lanterns
01 Solar Lantern(A1 Quality)
Module : 10 wattLamp : 7 watt CFL
Back-up Hour : 4-5 Hrs./day
Warranty : 2 Years
With 12VDC output for DC Fan or Mobile Charging 90$
02 Solar Lantern(B1 Quality)
Module : 10 wattLamp : 7 watt CFL
Back-up Hour : 4 Hrs./day
Warranty : 2 Years 81$
03 Solar Lantern(A1 Quality)
Module : 8 wattLamp : 5 watt CFL
Back-up Hour : 4 – 5 Hrs./day
Warranty : 2 Years 77$
04 Solar Lantern(B1 Quality)
Module : 5 wattLamp : 5 watt CFL
Back-up Hour : 4 Hrs./day
Warranty : 2 Years 70$
05 Solar Lantern(A1 Quality)
Module : 5 wattLamp : 3 watt CFL
Back-up Hour : 4-5 Hrs./day
Warranty : 2 Years 67$
06 Solar Lantern(B1 Quality)
Module : 3 wattLamp : 3 watt CFL
Back-up Hour : 4 Hrs./day
Warranty : 2 Years 62$
07 Solar Lantern (L.E.D. Type)
Module : 3 WattBattery : 4.5 Ah
Back-up Hours : 7-8 Hrs./day
Warranty : 2 Years 51$
08 Solar Emergency Light(Wall Mounting)
Module : 5 WattLamp : 5 Watt CFL
Back-up Hrs. : 4-5 Hrs./day
Warranty : 2 Year 58$
Solar Fan
01 Solar Wall Mounting Fan
Module : 10Watt
Back-up Hrs. : 8 Hrs./day 95$
02 Solar Ceiling Fan
Size : 48”Module : 20 Watts
Back-up Hrs. : 8 Hrs./day 180$
Solar Home Lighting System
01 Solar Home Lighting System (L.E.D. Type)
Module : 20 Watt
No. of. Lamps : 4 Nos.
Back-up Hrs. : 14 – 16 Hrs. /day 330$
02 Solar Home Lighting System
Module : 40 Watt
No. of. Lamps : 4 Nos. x 5watt
Back-up Hrs. : 8-10 Hrs. /day 490$
Solar Street Lights
01 Solar Street Light
Module : 50 Watt
Lamp : 36 Watt Energy saverBattery 120 Ah.
Along with Pole & Other Accessories Dusk to Dawn Operation (Automatic Mode) 690$
02 Solar Street Light
Module : 100 Watt
Lamp : 36watt x 2 Nos. Energy saverBattery 240 Ah.
Along with Pole & Other Accessories Dusk to Dawn Operation (Automatic Mode) 1630$
03 Solar Street Light(L.E.D. Type)
Module : 20 Watt
Lamp : LED Type
Battery : 60 Ah
Along with Pole & Other Accessories Dusk to Dawn Operation (Automatic Mode) 390$
04 Solar Street Light(ESL Series)
Module : 200 Watt
Lamp : Energy Saver 93 Watt(Equal to 250W HPSV)
Battery : 180Ah
Along with Pole & Other Accessories Dusk to Dawn Operation (Automatic Mode) 2120$
Note: Prices are approximate. Shipping charges and delivery charges would be additional.
Solar Cooker: A solution to Energy Crisis and Global Warming.
While the prices of cooking fuel is soaring, our solar coking system can be a complete solution to this problem. It requires solar energy that is free of cost and it prepares better quality food retaining all the healthy nutrients. This is an Eco-friendly device offering efficient and effective cooking measures. Biggest advantage with our cooking system is safety assurance. The black painted interior is supported with quality glass cover and they collectively absorb the maximum possible heat and consume in the process of cooking.
Box-type solar cooker consists of an insulated box, metallic cooking tray sat inside the box, double glass lid on the cooking tray, and a reflecting mirror fitted on the underside of the lid of the box. The cooking tray is insulated on the sides and bottom. The incoming solar radiation falls onto the double glass lid and passes through it to strike the blackened cooking pots and the cooking tray. The heat is absorbed by the blackened surface and gets transferred to the food inside the pots to facilitate cooking. The mirror reflector is set in such a way to reflect the solar radiation falling on it to the cooker box. Up to four black painted vessels are placed inside the box. The cooker takes 1½ to 2 hours to cook items such as rice, lentils and vegetables. The cooker may also be used to prepare simple cakes, roast cashew nuts, dry grapes, etc. It is an ideal device for domestic cooking during most of the year, except for the monsoon season and cloudy days. It, however cannot be used for frying or chapatti making.
Specifications
There is an Indian Standard (IS 13420: 2000) available for box-type solar cookers which gives the specifications and also the performance parameters of these solar cookers. Advantages
Solar Cooking involves no recurring expenses on fuel as the solar energy is absolutely free.
Cost of the solar cooker gets recovered easily through savings on conventional fuel in few years.
Regular use of a box type solar cooker may save 3-4 LPG cylinders per year.
It saves time, as the cook need not be present during cooking in a solar cooker.
There is no fear of scorching the food.
It provides better and more nutritious food due to slow cooking.
It is durable and simple to operate.
It does not pollute the environment and conserves conventional energy.
Solar Panels: Models and Prices
Description Highly sufficient and stable polycrystalline solar panel
Different power output available, range from 5 Watt to 100 Watt
Comes with junction box and by pass diode
Charge 6V and 12V batteries of all type.
Can be used as power source for power stations, or battery charger for vehicle, boat, electric fence, pump.
Multiple pieces can be connected to acquire higher power
Lamination
Anodized aluminum alloy frame
Low iron high transparency temper glass cover
Solar cell embedded in EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate)
Tedlar foil backing
Solar lamp/Lantern: Price in Mumbai
Salient features:Portable
Light weight
Omni directional light
Rugged & compact, housing designed for good aesthetic appeal
Charging option either by solar supplied as standard or ac mains by using optional Solarmite – Mains charger
Fuse holder integral with switch and socket unit, provided externally
Polarised charging socket to prevent reverse connection
Rugged clear transparent plastic dome for lamp
Option of 5W / 7W CFLs available to choose based on illumination and backup required
SOLAR MODULE TBP1210 / TBP1212 can be used OR with mains charger - SOLAR MITE 12 V,1A to charge the battery
Price of a Solar lamp is around Rs.2100 in Mumbai.
It is also one of the products sold by RMP Marketing Company. However, they sell it at a price of Rs.6000 approx. and also provide you Siyarams suitings and a chain-selling or MLM marketing business along with it.
Holothurin A: Steroid Glycoside in Sea Cucumbers
Holothurin A is a toxin of the cuvierian tubules of Sea Cucumbers. It is a steroid Glycoside. Sea Cucumbers belongs to the Class Echinodermata.
Thornasteroid: Steroid Glycoside in Acanthaster planci (Echinodermata)
Thornasteroid occurs in acanthaster planci, a starfish living in tropical coral reefs, which belongs to the Class Echinodermata. It is a steroid glycoside.
Structure of Aflatoxins: The most Dangerous/Potent carcinogens
Aflatoxins belongs to the most potent carcinogens ever known. They occur in some Aspergillus species, which often contaminate the food of humans and livestock.
Aeroponic system in Hydroponics
High-tech type of hydroponic gardening.
Growing medium is primarily air.
The roots hang in the air and are misted with nutrient solution.
Needs a short cycle timer that runs the pump for a few seconds every couple of minutes.
Drip system of Hydroponics
Most widely used type of hydroponic system in the world. A timer controls a submersed pump.
The timer turns the pump on and nutrient solution is dripped onto thebase of each plant by a small drip line.
Recovery Drip System: excess nutrient solution that runs off iscollected back in the reservoir for re-use.
The Non-Recovery System does not collect the run off.
A recovery system:· uses nutrient solution a bit more efficiently and allows for the use of a more inexpensive timer.
The non-recovery system:· needs to have a more precise time· Watering cycles can be adjusted to insure that the plantsget enough nutrient solution and the runoff is kept to a minimum. Requires less maintenance.
List of all Insect Pheromones
C-1
epoxides Epoxide mixture
C-7
2R-7-2OH (2R)-Heptan-2-ol
2R-Z4-7-2OH (2R)-(Z)-4-Hepten-2-ol
2S-7-2OH (2S)-Heptan-2-ol
2S-Z4-7-2OH (2S)-(Z)-4-Hepten-2-ol
Z4-7-2Kt (Z)-4-Hepten-2-one
C-8
1-methylethyl octanoate 1-methylethyl octanoate
2R-pentyl octanoate (2R)-Pentyl octanoate
C-9
2R-pentyl nonanoate (2R)-Pentyl nonanoate
2R-Z6-9-2OH (2R)-(Z)-6-Nonen-2-ol
2S-Z6-9-2OH (2S)-(Z)-6-Nonen-2-ol
9-2Kt Nonan-2-one
R-E6,8-9-2OH (R)-(E)-6,8-Nonadien-2-ol
R-Z6,8-9-2OH (R)-(Z)-6,8-Nonadien-2-ol
S-E6,8-9-2OH (S)-(E)-6,8-Nonadien-2-ol
S-Z6,8-9-2OH (S)-(Z)-6,8-Nonadien-2-ol
Z6-9-2Kt (Z)-6-Nonen-2-one
C-10
10Ac Decyl acetate
10OH Decan-1-ol
2-butyl decanoate 2-Butyl decanoate
2-hexyl decanoate 2-Hexyl decanoate
2R-hexyl decanoate (2R)-Hexyl decanoate
2R-pentyl decanoate (2R)-Pentyl decanoate
2S-methylbutyl E7,9-decadienoate (2S)-methylbutyl-(E)-7,9-decadienoate
E2-hexenyl E7,9-decadienoate (E)-2-hexenyl-(E)-7,9-decadienoate
E3E5-10Ac (E,E)-3,5-Decadienyl acetate
E4-10Ac (E)-4-Decenyl acetate
E5-10Ac (E)-5-Decenyl acetate
E5-10OH (E)-5-Decen-1-ol
E7-10Ac (E)-7-Decenyl acetate
isobutyl E7,9-decadienoate isobutyl-(E)-7,9-decadienoate
methyl E7,9-decadienoate methyl-(E)-7,9-decadienoate
Z3-10Ac (Z)-3-Decenyl acetate
Z3E5-10Ac (Z,E)-3,5-Decadienyl acetate
Z4-10Ac (Z)-4-Decenyl acetate
Z5-10Ac (Z)-5-Decenyl acetate
Z5-10Al (Z)-5-Decenal
Z5-10isovalerate (Z)-5-Decenyl 3-methylbutanoate
Z5-10OH (Z)-5-Decen-1-ol
Z7,9-10Ac (Z)-7,9-Decadienyl acetate
Z7-10Ac (Z)-7-Decenyl acetate
C-11
Δ-11Ac Undecenyl acetate
Δ-11OH Undecen-1-ol
10-11Al 10-Undecenal
11Ac Undecyl acetate
11Cl-E8E10-11OH 11-Chloro-(E,E)-8,10-undecadien-1-ol
11OH Undecan-1-ol
E9-11Ac (E)-9-Undecenyl acetate
Z7-11Ac (Z)-7-Undecenyl acetate
Z8-11Ac (Z)-8-Undecenyl acetate
Z9-11Ac (Z)-9-Undecenyl acetate
C-12
Δ-12Ac Dodecenyl acetate
Δ-12OH Dodecen-1-ol
Δ9,11-12Ac 9,11-Dodecadienyl acetate
10,11-difluoro-E8E10-12OH 10,11-Difluoro-(E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol
10me-12Ac 10-Methyldodecyl acetate
10Rme-12Ac (R)-10-Methyldodecyl acetate
10Sme-12Ac (S)-10-Methyldodecyl acetate
11,11,12,12,12-pentafluoro-Z9-12Ac 11,11,11,12,12-Pentafluoro-(Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate
11,11-difluoro-Z9-12Ac 11,11-Difluoro-(Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate
11-12Ac 11-Dodecenyl acetate 11-12OH 11-Dodecen-1-ol
12Ac Dodecyl acetate
12Al Dodecanal 12OH Dodecan-1-ol
2-butyl dodecanoate 2-Butyl dodecanoate
2R-pentyl dodecanoate (2R)-Pentyl dodecanoate
7,7-difluoro-Z8-12Ac 7,7-Difluoro-(Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate
8,9,10,11-tetrafluoro-E8E10-12OH 8,9,10,11-Tetrafluoro-(E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol
8,9-difluoro-E8E10-12OH 8,9-Difluoro-(E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol
diunsaturated
12Ac Dodecadienyl acetate
E10-12Ac (E)-10-Dodecenyl acetate E10-12OH (E)-10-Dodecen-1-ol
E3-12Ac (E)-3-Dodecenyl acetate E3Z5-12Ac (E,Z)-3,5-Dodecadienyl acetate
E3Z5-12OH (E,Z)-3,5-Dodecadien-1-ol
E4-12Ac (E)-4-Dodecenyl acetate
E4E10-12Ac (E,E)-4,10-Dodecadienyl acetate
E5-12Ac (E)-5-Dodecenyl acetate
E5E7-12OH (E,E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol
E5Z7-12Ac (E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate
E5Z7-12Al (E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal
E5Z7-12OH (E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol
E7-12Ac (E)-7-Dodecenyl acetate
E7-12OH (E)-7-Dodecen-1-ol
E7E9-12Ac (E,E)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate
E7Z9-12Ac (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate
E7Z9-12Al (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienal
E7Z9-12OH (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol
E8-12Ac (E)-8-Dodecenyl acetate
E8-12OH (E)-8-Dodecen-1-ol
E8E10-12Ac (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate, Codlemone acetate
E8E10-12Al (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadienal
E8E10-12OH (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol, Codlemone
E8Z10-12Ac (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate
E8Z10-12Al (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienal
E8Z10-12OH (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol
E9,11-12Ac (E)-9,11-Dodecadienyl acetate
E9,11-12Al (E)-9,11-Dodecadienal
E9,11-12OH (E)-9,11-Dodecadien-1-ol
E9-12Ac (E)-9-Dodecenyl acetate
E9-12Al (E)-9-Dodecenal
E9-12OH (E)-9-Dodecen-1-ol
Y7Z9-12Ac (Z)-9-Dodecen-7-yn-1-ol acetate
Z10-12Ac (Z)-10-Dodecenyl acetate
Z3-12Ac (Z)-3-Dodecenyl acetate
Z3E5-12Ac (Z,E)-3,5-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z3Z5-12Ac (Z,Z)-3,5-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z5-12Ac (Z)-5-Dodecenyl acetate
Z5-12Al (Z)-5-Dodecenal
Z5-12OH (Z)-5-Dodecen-1-ol
Z5-dodecenyl Z5-dodecenoate (Z)-5-Dodecenyl (Z)-5-dodecenoate
Z5E7-12Ac (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z5E7-12Al (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienal
Z5E7-12OH (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol
Z5E7-12propionate (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienyl propionate
Z5Z7-12Al (Z,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal
Z7-12Ac (Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate
Z7-12Al (Z)-7-Dodecenal
Z7-12Butyrate (Z)-7-Dodecenyl butyrate
Z7-12Formate (Z)-7-Dodecenyl formate
Z7-12OH (Z)-7-Dodecen-1-ol
Z7-12Propionate (Z)-7-Dodecenyl propionate
Z7E9,11-12formate (Z,E)-7,9,11-Dodecatrienyl formate
Z7E9-12Ac (Z,E)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z7E9-12OH (Z,E)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol
Z7Z9-12Ac (Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z7Z9-12OH (Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol
Z8-12Ac (Z)-8-Dodecenyl acetate
Z8-12OH (Z)-8-Dodecen-1-ol
Z8E10-12Ac (Z,E)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z8E10-12Al (Z,E)-8,10-Dodecadienal
Z8E10-12OH (Z,E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol
Z8Z10-12Ac (Z,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z8Z10-12OH (Z,Z)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol
Z9,11-12Ac (Z)-9,11-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z9,11-12Al (Z)-9,11-Dodecadienal
Z9,11-12OH (Z)-9,11-Dodecadien-1-ol
Z9-12Ac (Z)-9-Dodecenyl acetate
Z9-12Al (Z)-9-Dodecenal
Z9-12OH (Z)-9-Dodecen-1-ol
C-13
Δ-13Ac Tridecenyl acetate
11meZ9,12-13Ac 11-Methyl-(Z)-9,12-tridecadienyl acetate
13Ac Tridecyl acetate
13OH Tridecan-1-ol
E11-13Ac (E)-11-Tridecenyl acetate
E3-13Ac (E)-3-Tridecenyl acetate
E4-13Ac (E)-4-Tridecenyl acetate
E4Z7-13Ac (E,Z)-4,7-Tridecadienyl acetate
E4Z7Z10-13Ac (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-Tridecatrienyl acetate
E6-13Ac (E)-6-Tridecenyl acetate
E8-13Ac (E)-8-Tridecenyl acetate
E9-13Ac (E)-9-Tridecenyl acetate
Z10-13Ac (Z)-10-Tridecenyl acetate
Z11-13Ac (Z)-11-Tridecenyl acetate
Z4-13Ac (Z)-4-Tridecenyl acetate
Z8-13Ac (Z)-8-Tridecenyl acetate
Z9-13-nitrate (Z)-9-Tridecenyl nitrate
Z9-13Ac (Z)-9-Tridecenyl acetate
C-14
Δ10Δ12-14Al 10,12-Tetradecadienal
Δ10-14Ac delta-10-Tetradecenyl acetate
12me-14Ac 12-Methyltetradecyl acetate
14,14,14-trifluoro-E11-14Ac 14,14,14-Trifluoro-(E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
14,14,14-trifluoro-Z11-14Ac 14,14,14-Trifluoro-(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
14-fluoro-E11-14Ac 14-Fluoro-(E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
14-fluoro-Z11-14Ac 14-Fluoro-(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
14Ac Tetradecyl acetate
14Al Tetradecanal
14OH Tetradecan-1-ol 2-butyl
Z7-tetradecenoate 2-Butyl-(Z)-7-tetradecenoate
2R-butyl Z7-tetradecenoate (R)-2-Butyl-(Z)-7-tetradecenoate
2S-butyl Z7-tetradecenoate (S)-2-Butyl-(Z)-7-tetradecenoate
diunsaturated
Δ10-14Ac delta-10-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E10-14Ac (E)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate
E10E12-14Ac (E,E)-10,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E10E12-14OH (E,E)-10,12-Tetradecadien-1-ol
E10Z12-14Ac (E,Z)-10,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E11,13-14Ac (E)-11,13-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E11,13-14Al (E)-11,13-Tetradecadienal
E11-14Ac (E)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate
E11-14Al (E)-11-Tetradecenal
E11-14OH (E)-11-Tetradecen-1-ol
E12-14Ac (E)-12-Tetradecenyl acetate
E3-14Ac (E)-3-Tetradecenyl acetate
E3E5-14Ac (E,E)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E3Z5-14Ac (E,Z)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E3Z7-14Ac (E,Z)-3,7-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E3Z8-14Ac (E,Z)-3,8-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E3Z8Z11-14Ac (E,Z,Z)-3,8,11-Tetradecatrienyl acetate
E4Z10-14Ac (E,Z)-4,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E4Z9-14Ac (E,Z)-4,9-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E4Z9-14Al (E,Z)-4,9-Tetradecadienal
E5-14Ac (E)-5-Tetradecenyl acetate
E5-14OH (E)-5-Tetradecen-1-ol
E6-14Ac (E)-6-Tetradecenyl acetate
E7-14Ac (E)-7-Tetradecenyl acetate
E8-14Ac (E)-8-Tetradecenyl acetate
E8-14Formate (E)-8-Tetradecenyl formate
E8E10-14Ac (E,E)-8,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E8E10-14Al (E,E)-8,10-Tetradecadienal
E8Z10-14Al (E,Z)-8,10-Tetradecadienal
E9-14Ac (E)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate
E9-14OH (E)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol
E9E11-14Ac (E,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E9E12-14Ac (E,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E9Z11-14Ac (E,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate isopropyl
Z7-tetradecenoate Isopropyl-(Z)-7-tetradecenoate
Z10-14Ac (Z)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z10E12-14Ac (Z,E)-10,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z10Z12-14Ac (Z,Z)-10,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z10Z12-14OH (Z,Z)-10,12-Tetradecadien-1-ol
Z11,13-14Ac (Z)-11,13-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z11,13-14Al (Z)-11,13-Tetradecadienal
Z11,13-14Al (Z)-11,13-Tetradecadienal
Z11-14Ac (Z)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z11-14Al (Z)-11-Tetradecenal
Z11-14OH (Z)-11-Tetradecen-1-ol
Z12-14Ac (Z)-12-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z3-14Ac (Z)-3-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z3E5-14Ac (Z,E)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z5-14Ac (Z)-5-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z5-14Al (Z)-5-Tetradecenal
Z5-14OH (Z)-5-Tetradecen-1-ol
Z6-14Ac (Z)-6-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z7-14Ac (Z)-7-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z7-14Al (Z)-7-Tetradecenal
Z7-14OH (Z)-7-Tetradecen-1-ol
Z8-14Ac (Z)-8-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z8-14Formate (Z)-8-Tetradecenyl formate
Z8-14OH (Z)-8-Tetradecen-1-ol
Z9-14-nitrate (Z)-9-Tetradecenyl nitrate
Z9-14Ac (Z)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z9-14Al (Z)-9-Tetradecenal
Z9-14Formate (Z)-9-Tetradecenyl formate
Z9-14OH (Z)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol
Z9E11,13-14Ac (Z,E)-9,11,13-Tetradecatrienyl acetate
Z9E11,13-14Al (Z,E)-9,11,13-Tetradecatrienal
Z9E11-14Ac (Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z9E11-14Al (Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienal
Z9E11-14OH (Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadien-1-ol
Z9E12-14Ac (Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z9E12-14Al (Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienal
Z9E12-14OH (Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadien-1-ol
Z9E12-14Propionate (Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl propionate
Z9Z11-14Ac (Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z9Z11-14Al (Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienal
Z9Z11-14OH (Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadien-1-ol
Z9Z12-14Ac (Z,Z)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z9Z12-14OH (Z,Z)-9,12-Tetradecadien-1-ol
C-15
Δ-15Ac Pentadecenyl acetate
10me14me-15isobutyrate 10,14-Dimethylpentadecyl isobutyrate
10Rme14me-15isobutyrate (R)-10,14-Dimethylpentadecyl isobutyrate
10Sme14me-15isobutyrate (S)-10,14-Dimethylpentadecyl isobutyrate
15-2Kt Pentadecan-2-one
15Ac Pentadecyl acetate
15OH Pentadecan-1-ol
1E11-15Hy (E)-1,11-Pentadecadiene
1Z11-15Hy (Z)-1,11-Pentadecadiene
5me9me-15Hy 5,9-Dimethylpentadecane
6me10me14me-2-15OH 6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-pentadecanol
6Rme10Rme14me-2R-15OH (R,R)-6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-pentadecanol
E12-15Ac (E)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate
E8E10-15Ac (E,E)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate
E8Z10-15Ac (E,Z)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate
E9-15Ac (E)-9-Pentadecenyl acetate
E9Z11-15Al (E,Z)-9,11-Pentadecadienal
Z10-15Ac (Z)-10-Pentadecenyl acetate
Z10-15Al (Z)-10-Pentadecenal
Z12-15Ac (Z)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate
Z8-15Ac (Z)-8-Pentadecenyl acetate
Z8E10-15Ac (Z,E)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate
Z8Z10-15Ac (Z,Z)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate
Z9-15Ac (Z)-9-Pentadecenyl acetate
C-16
Δ-16Ac Hexadecenyl acetate
Δ-16OH Hexadecen-1-ol
Δ10Δ12Δ14-16Ac 10,12,14-Hexadecatrienyl acetate
Δ11-16Ac 11-Hexadecenyl acetate
16Ac Hexadecyl acetate
16Al Hexadecanal
16OH Hexadecan-1-ol
2me-16Hy 2-Methylhexadecane
3me13me-16Hy 3,13-Dimethylhexadecane
5me9me-16Hy 5,9-Dimethylhexadecane
E10-16Al (E)-10-Hexadecenal
E10E12-16Ac (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate
E10E12-16Al (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal
E10E12-16OH (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadien-1-ol
E10E12E14-16Al (E,E,E)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienal
E10E12Z14-16Ac (E,E,Z)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienyl acetate
E10E12Z14-16Al (E,E,Z)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienal
E10Z12-16Ac (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate
E10Z12-16Al (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienal, Bombykal
E10Z12-16OH (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadien-1-ol, Bombykol
E11-16Ac (E)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate
E11-16Al (E)-11-Hexadecenal
E11-16OH (E)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol
E11E13-16Ac (E,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate
E11E13-16Al (E,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienal
E11E13-16OH (E,E)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol
E11Z13-16Ac (E,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate
E11Z13-16Al (E,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienal
E11Z13-16OH (E,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol
E4E6Z10-16Ac (E,E,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrienyl acetate
E4E6Z10-16OH (E,E,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrien-1-ol
E4E6Z11-16Ac (E,E,Z)-4,6,11-Hexadecatrienyl acetate
E4E6Z11-16Al (E,E,Z)-4,6,11-Hexadecatrienal
E4Z6-16Ac (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienyl acetate
E4Z6-16Al (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienal
E4Z6-16OH (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadien-1-ol
E4Z6Z10-16Ac (E,Z,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrienyl acetate
E4Z6Z10-16OH (E,Z,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrien-1-ol
E5-16Ac (E)-5-Hexadecenyl acetate
E6-16Ac (E)-6-Hexadecenyl acetate
E6Z11-16Ac (E,Z)-6,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate
E6Z11-16Al (E,Z)-6,11-Hexadecadienal
E9Z11-16Al (E,Z)-9,11-Hexadecadienal methyl hexadecanoate Methyl hexadecanoate methyl hexadecenoate Methyl hexadecenoate
Y11-16Ac 11-Hexadecynyl acetate
Y11Z13-16Ac (Z)-13-Hexadecen-11-yn-1-ol acetate
Y11Z13-16Al (Z)-13-Hexadecen-11-ynal
Y11Z13-16OH (Z)-13-Hexadecen-11-yn-1-ol
Z10-16Ac (Z)-10-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z10-16Al (Z)-10-Hexadecenal
Z10E12-16Ac (Z,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z10E12-16Al (Z,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal
Z10Z12-16Al (Z,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienal
Z11-16-trifluoroacetate (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl trifluoroacetate
Z11-16Ac (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z11-16Al (Z)-11-Hexadecenal
Z11-16Formate (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl formate
Z11-16nitrile (Z)-11-Hexadecenonitrile
Z11-16OH (Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol
Z11E13-16Ac (Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z11E13-16Al (Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienal
Z11E13-16OH (Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol
Z11E14-16Ac (Z,E)-11,14-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z11Z13-16Ac (Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z11Z13-16Al (Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienal
Z11Z13-16OH (Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol
Z12-16Ac (Z)-12-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z12-16Al (Z)-12-Hexadecenal
Z3-16Ac (Z)-3-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z5-16Ac (Z)-5-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z7-16Ac (Z)-7-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z7-16Al (Z)-7-Hexadecenal
Z7E11-16Ac (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z7E11-16Al (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadienal
Z7E11-16OH (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadien-1-ol
Z7Z11-16Ac (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z7Z11-16Al (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienal
Z7Z11-16OH (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadien-1-ol
Z8Z10-16Ac (Z,Z)-8,10-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z9-16Ac (Z)-9-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z9-16Al (Z)-9-Hexadecenal
Z9-16nitrile (Z)-9-Hexadecenonitrile
Z9-16OH (Z)-9-Hexadecen-1-ol
Z9E11-16Al (Z,E)-9,11-Hexadecadienal
C-17
Δ-17Ac Heptadecenyl acetate
Δ-17Hy Heptadecene
16me-17isobutyrate 16-Methylheptadecyl isobutyrate
17-2Kt Heptadecan-2-one
17Ac Heptadecyl acetate
17Hy Heptadecane
2me-17Hy 2-Methylheptadecane
2me5me-17Hy 2,5-Dimethylheptadecane
2me5Rme-17Hy (R)-2,5-Dimethylheptadecane
2me5Sme-17Hy (S)-2,5-Dimethylheptadecane
3me13me-17Hy 3,13-Dimethylheptadecane
3Sme13Rme-17Hy (S,R)-3,13-Dimethylheptadecane
5me-17Hy 5-Methylheptadecane
5me11me-17Hy 5,11-Dimethylheptadecane
5me9me-17Hy 5,9-Dimethylheptadecane
5Rme11Sme-17Hy (R,S)-5,11-Dimethylheptadecane
5Sme9Sme-17Hy (S,S)-5,9-Dimethylheptadecane
7me-17Hy 7-Methylheptadecane
7me11me-17Hy 7,11-Dimethylheptadecane
7Sme-17Hy (S)-7-Methylheptadecane
cis6,7epo-2me-17Hy 2-Methyl-cis-6,7-epoxyheptadecane
meso-7me11me-17Hy (meso-7,11)-7,11-Dimethylheptadecane
Z11-17Ac (Z)-11-Heptadecenyl acetate
Z3Z6-cis9,10epo-17Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-Epoxyheptadecadiene
Z3Z6Z9-17Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Heptadecatriene
Z3Z9-cis6,7epo-17Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-Epoxyheptadecadiene
Z6Z9-17Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-Heptadecadiene
Z6Z9-3R4Sepo-17Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-(3R,4S)-3,4-Epoxyheptadecadiene
Z6Z9-3S4Repo-17Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-(3S,4R)-3,4-Epoxyheptadecadiene
Z6Z9-cis3,4epo-17Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-Epoxyheptadecadiene
Z9-16me-17isobutyrate (Z)-16-Methyl-9-heptadecenyl isobutyrate
Z9-cis6,7epo-17Hy (Z)-9-cis-6,7-Epoxyheptadecene
C-18
Δ-18Ac Octadecenyl acetate
Δ6-18isovalerate 6-Octadecenyl isovalerate
Δ6-18valerate 6-Octadecenyl valerate
Δ9-18isovalerate 9-Octadecenyl isovalerate
10me14me-1-18Hy 10,14-Dimethyl-1-octadecene
10Sme14Sme-1-18Hy (S,S)-10,14-Dimethyl-1-octadecene
14me-1-18Hy 14-Methyl-1-octadecene
14Sme-1-18Hy (S)-14-Methyl-1-octadecene
14Sme-18Hy (S)-14-Methyloctadecane
18Ac Octadecyl acetate
18Al Octadecanal
18OH Octadecan-1-ol
2me-18Hy 2-Methyloctadecane
2meZ7-18Hy 2-Methyl-(Z)-7-octadecene
5me9me-18Hy 5,9-Dimethyloctadecane
7R8Sepo-2me-18Hy (7R,8S)-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyloctadecane, (+)-Disparlure
7R8Sepo18Hy (7R,8S)-7,8-Epoxyoctadecane, (+)-Monachalure
7S8Repo-2me-18Hy (7S,8R)-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyloctadecane c
is7,8epo-2me-18Hy cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyloctadecane, Disparlure
E11-18Al (E)-11-Octadecenal
E11E14-18Al (E,E)-11,14-Octadecadienal
E13-18Al (E)-13-Octadecenal
E14-18Al (E)-14-Octadecenal
E2-18Ac (E)-2-Octadecenyl acetate
E2-18Al (E)-2-Octadecenal
E2Z13-18Ac (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
E2Z13-18Al (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienal
E2Z13-18OH (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-ol
E3E13-18Ac (E,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
E3Z13-18Ac (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
E3Z13-18OH (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadien-1-ol
epoxy-Z3Z6Z9-18Hy Epoxidized (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-octadecatriene methyl octadecadienoate Methyl octadecadienoate methyl octadecanoate Methyl octadecanoate methyl octadecenoate Methyl octadecenoate
Z11-18Ac (Z)-11-Octadecenyl acetate
Z11-18Al (Z)-11-Octadecenal
Z11-18OH (Z)-11-octadecen-1-ol
Z11Z13-18Al (Z,Z)-11,13-Octadecadienal
Z13-18Ac (Z)-13-Octadecenyl acetate
Z13-18Al (Z)-13-Octadecenal
Z13-18OH (Z)-13-Octadecen-1-ol
Z13Z15-18Al (Z,Z)-13,15-Octadecadienal
Z2E13-18Ac (Z,E)-2,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
Z2Z13-18Ac (Z,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
Z3E13-18Ac (Z,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
Z3Z13-18Ac (Z,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
Z3Z13-18Al (Z,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienal
Z3Z13-18OH (Z,Z)-3,13-Octadecadien-1-ol
Z3Z6-9,10epo-18Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-9,10-Epoxyoctadecadiene
Z3Z6-9R10Sepo-18Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9R,10S)-9,10-Epoxyoctadecadiene
Z3Z6-9S10Repo-18Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxyoctadecadiene
Z3Z6Z9-18Ac (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Octadecatrienyl acetate
Z3Z6Z9-18Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Octadecatriene
Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-6,7-Epoxyoctadecadiene
Z3Z9-6S7Repo-18Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6S,7R)-6,7-Epoxyoctadecadiene
Z6-9,10epo-18Hy (Z)-6-9,10-Epoxyoctadecene
Z6-9S10Repo-18Hy (Z)-6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxyoctadecene
Z6Z9-3,4epo-18Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-3,4-Epoxyoctadecadiene
Z7-18butyrate (Z)-7-Octadecenyl butyrate
Z7-18Hy (Z)-7-Octadecene
Z7-18isobutyrateb (Z)-7-Octadecenyl isobutyrate
Z7-18isovalerate (Z)-7-Octadecenyl isovalerate
Z7-18methylbutyrate (Z)-7-Octadecenyl methylbutyrate
Z9-18Al (Z)-9-Octadecenal
Z9-18isovalerate (Z)-9-Octadecenyl isovalerate
Z9-18methylbutyrate (Z)-9-Octadecenyl methylbutyrate
Z9-6,7epo-18Hy (Z)-9-6,7-Epoxyoctadecene
Z9Z12-18Al (Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienal
Z9Z12Z15-18Al (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-Octadecatrienal
C-19
19Hy Nonadecane
1E3Z6Z9-19Hy (E,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-Nonadecatetraene
1Z3Z6Z9-19Hy (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-Nonadecatetraene
2me-19Hy 2-Methylnonadecane
9Sme-19Hy (S)-9-Methylnonadecane epoxy-
Z3Z6Z9-19Hy Epoxidized (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene
Z12-19-9Kt (Z)-12-Nonadecen-9-one
Z3Z6-9,10epo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-9,10-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z6-9R10Sepo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9R,10S)-9,10-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z6-9S10Repo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z6-cis9,10epo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z6Z9-19Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Nonadecatriene
Z3Z6Z9E11-19Hy (Z,Z,Z,E)-3,6,9,11-Nonadecatetraene
Z3Z6Z9Z11-19Hy (Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,11-Nonadecatetraene
Z3Z9-6,7epo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-6,7-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z9-6R7Sepo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6R,7S)-6,7-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z9-6S7Repo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6S,7R)-6,7-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z9-cis6,7epo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z6-9S10Repo-19Hy (Z)-6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxynonadecene
Z6-cis9,10epo-19Hy (Z)-6-cis-9,10-Epoxynonadecene
Z6Z9-19-3Kt (Z,Z)-6,9-Nonadecadien-3-one
Z6Z9-19Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-Nonadecadiene
Z6Z9-3,4epo-19Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-3,4-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z6Z9-3R4Sepo-19Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-(3R,4S)-3,4-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z6Z9-3S4Repo-19Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-(3S,4R)-3,4-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z6Z9-cis3,4epo-19Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z7-19-11Kt (Z)-7-Nonadecen-11-one
Z9-19Hy (Z)-9-Nonadecene
Z9-6,7epo-19Hy (Z)-9-6,7-Epoxynonadecene
Z9-6R7Sepo-19Hy (Z)-9-(6R,7S)-6,7-Epoxynonadecene Z9-6S7Repo-19Hy (Z)-9-(6S,7R)-6,7-Epoxynonadecene
C-20
1Z3Z6-cis9,10epo-20Hy (Z,Z)-1,3,6-cis-9,10-Epoxyeicosatriene
1Z3Z6Z9-20Hy (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-Eicosatetraene
20Ac Eicosyl acetate
20Hy Eicosane
20OH Eicosan-1-ol
7R8Sepo-2me-20Hy (7R,8S)-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyleicosane, (+)-Xylinalure
7S8Repo-2me-20Hy (7S,8R)-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyleicosane, (-)-Xylinalure
epoxy-Z3Z6Z9-20Hy Epoxidized (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene
Z11Z14Z17-20 4-methylvalerate (Z,Z,Z)-11,14,17-icosatrienyl 4-methylvalerate
Z11Z14Z17-20isobutyrate (Z,Z,Z)-11,14,17-icosatrienyl isobutyrate
Z11Z14Z17-20methylheptanoate (Z,Z,Z)-11,14,17-icosatrienyl methylheptanoate
Z11Z14Z17-20n-butyrate (Z,Z,Z)-11,14,17-icosatrienyl n-butyrate
Z11Z14Z17-20n-hexanoate (Z,Z,Z)-11,14,17-icosatrienyl n-hexanoate
Z11Z14Z17-20n-valerate (Z,Z,Z)-11,14,17-icosatrienyl n-valerate
Z3Z6-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-Eicosadiene
Z3Z6-9R10Sepo-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9R,10S)-9,10-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z3Z6-9S10Repo-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z3Z6-cis9,10epo-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z3Z6Z9-20Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Eicosatriene
Z3Z9-6,7epo-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-6,7-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z3Z9-6R7Sepo-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6R,7S)-6,7-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z3Z9-6S7Repo-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6S,7R)-6,7-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z6-9,10epo-20Hy (Z)-6-9,10-Epoxyeicosene
Z6Z9-20-11OH (Z,Z)-6,9-Eicosadien-11-ol
Z6Z9-20Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-Eicosadiene
Z6Z9-3,4epo-20Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-3,4-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z7-20-11Kt (Z)-7-Eicosene-11-one Z9-20Hy (Z)-9-Eicosene
C-21
Δ-21Hy Heneicosene
11R-Z6Z9-21-11OH (11R)-(Z,Z)-6,9-Heneicosadien-11-ol
11S-Z6Z9-21-11OH (11S)-(Z,Z)-6,9-Heneicosadien-11-ol
1Z3Z6-9S10Repo-21Hy (Z,Z)-1,3,6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxyheneicosatriene
1Z3Z6-cis9,10epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-1,3,6-cis-9,10-Epoxyheneicosatriene
1Z3Z6Z9-21Hy (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-Heneicosatetraene
21Hy Heneicosane
epoxy-Z3Z6Z9-21Hy Epoxidized (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene
Z3-cis6,7-cis9,10diepo-21Hy (Z)-3-cis-6,7-cis-9,10-diepoxyheneicosene
Z3Z6-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-Heneicosadiene
Z3Z6-9,10epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-9,10-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z6-9R10Sepo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9R,10S)-9,10-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z6-9S10Repo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z6-cis9,10epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z6Z9-21Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Heneicosatriene
Z3Z9-6,7epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-6,7-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z9-6R7Sepo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6R,7S)-6,7-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z9-6S7Repo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6S,7R)-6,7-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z9-cis6,7epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z6,13Sme-21Hy (Z)-6-(13S)-13-Methylheneicosene
Z6-21-11Kt (Z)-6-Heneicosene-11-one
Z6-21-9Kt (Z)-6-Heneicosene-9-one, Thyellinone
Z6-9,10epo-21Hy (Z)-6-9,10-Epoxyheneicosene
Z6-cis9,10epo-21Hy (Z)-6-cis-9,10-Epoxyheneicosene
Z6E8-21-11Kt (Z,E)-6,8-Heneicosadiene-11-one
Z6E9-21-11Kt (Z,E)-6,9-Heneicosadiene-11-one
Z6Z9,20-21Hy (Z,Z)-6,9,20-Heneicosatriene
Z6Z9-21-11Kt (Z,Z)-6,9-Heneicosadiene-11-one
Z6Z9-21Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-Heneicosadiene
Z6Z9-3,4epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-3,4-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z6Z9-cis3,4epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z9-21Hy (Z)-9-Heneicosene
Z9-3R4Sepo-6S7Repo-21Hy (Z)-9-(3R,4S)-(6S,7R)-Diepoxyheneicosene
Z9-3S4Repo-6S7Repo-21Hy (Z)-9-(3S,4R)-(6S,7R)-Diepoxyheneicosene
C-22
22Ac Docosyl acetate
22Hy Docosane
Z3Z6Z9-22Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Docosatriene
Z3Z9-6,7epo-22Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-6,7-Epoxydocosadiene
Z6Z9-22-11OH (Z,Z)-6,9-Docosadien-11-ol
Z6Z9-22Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-Docosadiene
Z7Z13Z16Z19-22isobutyrate (Z,Z,Z,Z)-7,13,16,19-Docosatetraen-1-ol isobutyrate
C-23
23Hy Tricosane
Z3Z6-9,10epo-23Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-9,10-Epoxytricosadiene
Z3Z6Z9-23Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Tricosatriene
Z3Z9-6,7epo-23Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-6,7-Epoxytricosadiene
Z6Z9-23Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-Tricosadiene
Z7-23-11Kt (Z)-7-Tricosan-11-one
C-24
24Ac Tetracosyl acetate 24Hy Tetracosane
C-25
25Hy Pentacosane Z3Z6Z9-25Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Pentacosatriene
C-26
26Hy Hexacosane
C-27
27Hy Heptacosane
C-28
28Hy Octacosane
C-29
29Hy Nonacosane
epoxides Epoxide mixture
C-7
2R-7-2OH (2R)-Heptan-2-ol
2R-Z4-7-2OH (2R)-(Z)-4-Hepten-2-ol
2S-7-2OH (2S)-Heptan-2-ol
2S-Z4-7-2OH (2S)-(Z)-4-Hepten-2-ol
Z4-7-2Kt (Z)-4-Hepten-2-one
C-8
1-methylethyl octanoate 1-methylethyl octanoate
2R-pentyl octanoate (2R)-Pentyl octanoate
C-9
2R-pentyl nonanoate (2R)-Pentyl nonanoate
2R-Z6-9-2OH (2R)-(Z)-6-Nonen-2-ol
2S-Z6-9-2OH (2S)-(Z)-6-Nonen-2-ol
9-2Kt Nonan-2-one
R-E6,8-9-2OH (R)-(E)-6,8-Nonadien-2-ol
R-Z6,8-9-2OH (R)-(Z)-6,8-Nonadien-2-ol
S-E6,8-9-2OH (S)-(E)-6,8-Nonadien-2-ol
S-Z6,8-9-2OH (S)-(Z)-6,8-Nonadien-2-ol
Z6-9-2Kt (Z)-6-Nonen-2-one
C-10
10Ac Decyl acetate
10OH Decan-1-ol
2-butyl decanoate 2-Butyl decanoate
2-hexyl decanoate 2-Hexyl decanoate
2R-hexyl decanoate (2R)-Hexyl decanoate
2R-pentyl decanoate (2R)-Pentyl decanoate
2S-methylbutyl E7,9-decadienoate (2S)-methylbutyl-(E)-7,9-decadienoate
E2-hexenyl E7,9-decadienoate (E)-2-hexenyl-(E)-7,9-decadienoate
E3E5-10Ac (E,E)-3,5-Decadienyl acetate
E4-10Ac (E)-4-Decenyl acetate
E5-10Ac (E)-5-Decenyl acetate
E5-10OH (E)-5-Decen-1-ol
E7-10Ac (E)-7-Decenyl acetate
isobutyl E7,9-decadienoate isobutyl-(E)-7,9-decadienoate
methyl E7,9-decadienoate methyl-(E)-7,9-decadienoate
Z3-10Ac (Z)-3-Decenyl acetate
Z3E5-10Ac (Z,E)-3,5-Decadienyl acetate
Z4-10Ac (Z)-4-Decenyl acetate
Z5-10Ac (Z)-5-Decenyl acetate
Z5-10Al (Z)-5-Decenal
Z5-10isovalerate (Z)-5-Decenyl 3-methylbutanoate
Z5-10OH (Z)-5-Decen-1-ol
Z7,9-10Ac (Z)-7,9-Decadienyl acetate
Z7-10Ac (Z)-7-Decenyl acetate
C-11
Δ-11Ac Undecenyl acetate
Δ-11OH Undecen-1-ol
10-11Al 10-Undecenal
11Ac Undecyl acetate
11Cl-E8E10-11OH 11-Chloro-(E,E)-8,10-undecadien-1-ol
11OH Undecan-1-ol
E9-11Ac (E)-9-Undecenyl acetate
Z7-11Ac (Z)-7-Undecenyl acetate
Z8-11Ac (Z)-8-Undecenyl acetate
Z9-11Ac (Z)-9-Undecenyl acetate
C-12
Δ-12Ac Dodecenyl acetate
Δ-12OH Dodecen-1-ol
Δ9,11-12Ac 9,11-Dodecadienyl acetate
10,11-difluoro-E8E10-12OH 10,11-Difluoro-(E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol
10me-12Ac 10-Methyldodecyl acetate
10Rme-12Ac (R)-10-Methyldodecyl acetate
10Sme-12Ac (S)-10-Methyldodecyl acetate
11,11,12,12,12-pentafluoro-Z9-12Ac 11,11,11,12,12-Pentafluoro-(Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate
11,11-difluoro-Z9-12Ac 11,11-Difluoro-(Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate
11-12Ac 11-Dodecenyl acetate 11-12OH 11-Dodecen-1-ol
12Ac Dodecyl acetate
12Al Dodecanal 12OH Dodecan-1-ol
2-butyl dodecanoate 2-Butyl dodecanoate
2R-pentyl dodecanoate (2R)-Pentyl dodecanoate
7,7-difluoro-Z8-12Ac 7,7-Difluoro-(Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate
8,9,10,11-tetrafluoro-E8E10-12OH 8,9,10,11-Tetrafluoro-(E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol
8,9-difluoro-E8E10-12OH 8,9-Difluoro-(E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol
diunsaturated
12Ac Dodecadienyl acetate
E10-12Ac (E)-10-Dodecenyl acetate E10-12OH (E)-10-Dodecen-1-ol
E3-12Ac (E)-3-Dodecenyl acetate E3Z5-12Ac (E,Z)-3,5-Dodecadienyl acetate
E3Z5-12OH (E,Z)-3,5-Dodecadien-1-ol
E4-12Ac (E)-4-Dodecenyl acetate
E4E10-12Ac (E,E)-4,10-Dodecadienyl acetate
E5-12Ac (E)-5-Dodecenyl acetate
E5E7-12OH (E,E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol
E5Z7-12Ac (E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate
E5Z7-12Al (E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal
E5Z7-12OH (E,Z)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol
E7-12Ac (E)-7-Dodecenyl acetate
E7-12OH (E)-7-Dodecen-1-ol
E7E9-12Ac (E,E)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate
E7Z9-12Ac (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate
E7Z9-12Al (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienal
E7Z9-12OH (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol
E8-12Ac (E)-8-Dodecenyl acetate
E8-12OH (E)-8-Dodecen-1-ol
E8E10-12Ac (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate, Codlemone acetate
E8E10-12Al (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadienal
E8E10-12OH (E,E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol, Codlemone
E8Z10-12Ac (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate
E8Z10-12Al (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienal
E8Z10-12OH (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol
E9,11-12Ac (E)-9,11-Dodecadienyl acetate
E9,11-12Al (E)-9,11-Dodecadienal
E9,11-12OH (E)-9,11-Dodecadien-1-ol
E9-12Ac (E)-9-Dodecenyl acetate
E9-12Al (E)-9-Dodecenal
E9-12OH (E)-9-Dodecen-1-ol
Y7Z9-12Ac (Z)-9-Dodecen-7-yn-1-ol acetate
Z10-12Ac (Z)-10-Dodecenyl acetate
Z3-12Ac (Z)-3-Dodecenyl acetate
Z3E5-12Ac (Z,E)-3,5-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z3Z5-12Ac (Z,Z)-3,5-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z5-12Ac (Z)-5-Dodecenyl acetate
Z5-12Al (Z)-5-Dodecenal
Z5-12OH (Z)-5-Dodecen-1-ol
Z5-dodecenyl Z5-dodecenoate (Z)-5-Dodecenyl (Z)-5-dodecenoate
Z5E7-12Ac (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z5E7-12Al (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienal
Z5E7-12OH (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol
Z5E7-12propionate (Z,E)-5,7-Dodecadienyl propionate
Z5Z7-12Al (Z,Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal
Z7-12Ac (Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate
Z7-12Al (Z)-7-Dodecenal
Z7-12Butyrate (Z)-7-Dodecenyl butyrate
Z7-12Formate (Z)-7-Dodecenyl formate
Z7-12OH (Z)-7-Dodecen-1-ol
Z7-12Propionate (Z)-7-Dodecenyl propionate
Z7E9,11-12formate (Z,E)-7,9,11-Dodecatrienyl formate
Z7E9-12Ac (Z,E)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z7E9-12OH (Z,E)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol
Z7Z9-12Ac (Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z7Z9-12OH (Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-ol
Z8-12Ac (Z)-8-Dodecenyl acetate
Z8-12OH (Z)-8-Dodecen-1-ol
Z8E10-12Ac (Z,E)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z8E10-12Al (Z,E)-8,10-Dodecadienal
Z8E10-12OH (Z,E)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol
Z8Z10-12Ac (Z,Z)-8,10-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z8Z10-12OH (Z,Z)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol
Z9,11-12Ac (Z)-9,11-Dodecadienyl acetate
Z9,11-12Al (Z)-9,11-Dodecadienal
Z9,11-12OH (Z)-9,11-Dodecadien-1-ol
Z9-12Ac (Z)-9-Dodecenyl acetate
Z9-12Al (Z)-9-Dodecenal
Z9-12OH (Z)-9-Dodecen-1-ol
C-13
Δ-13Ac Tridecenyl acetate
11meZ9,12-13Ac 11-Methyl-(Z)-9,12-tridecadienyl acetate
13Ac Tridecyl acetate
13OH Tridecan-1-ol
E11-13Ac (E)-11-Tridecenyl acetate
E3-13Ac (E)-3-Tridecenyl acetate
E4-13Ac (E)-4-Tridecenyl acetate
E4Z7-13Ac (E,Z)-4,7-Tridecadienyl acetate
E4Z7Z10-13Ac (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-Tridecatrienyl acetate
E6-13Ac (E)-6-Tridecenyl acetate
E8-13Ac (E)-8-Tridecenyl acetate
E9-13Ac (E)-9-Tridecenyl acetate
Z10-13Ac (Z)-10-Tridecenyl acetate
Z11-13Ac (Z)-11-Tridecenyl acetate
Z4-13Ac (Z)-4-Tridecenyl acetate
Z8-13Ac (Z)-8-Tridecenyl acetate
Z9-13-nitrate (Z)-9-Tridecenyl nitrate
Z9-13Ac (Z)-9-Tridecenyl acetate
C-14
Δ10Δ12-14Al 10,12-Tetradecadienal
Δ10-14Ac delta-10-Tetradecenyl acetate
12me-14Ac 12-Methyltetradecyl acetate
14,14,14-trifluoro-E11-14Ac 14,14,14-Trifluoro-(E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
14,14,14-trifluoro-Z11-14Ac 14,14,14-Trifluoro-(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
14-fluoro-E11-14Ac 14-Fluoro-(E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
14-fluoro-Z11-14Ac 14-Fluoro-(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
14Ac Tetradecyl acetate
14Al Tetradecanal
14OH Tetradecan-1-ol 2-butyl
Z7-tetradecenoate 2-Butyl-(Z)-7-tetradecenoate
2R-butyl Z7-tetradecenoate (R)-2-Butyl-(Z)-7-tetradecenoate
2S-butyl Z7-tetradecenoate (S)-2-Butyl-(Z)-7-tetradecenoate
diunsaturated
Δ10-14Ac delta-10-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E10-14Ac (E)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate
E10E12-14Ac (E,E)-10,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E10E12-14OH (E,E)-10,12-Tetradecadien-1-ol
E10Z12-14Ac (E,Z)-10,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E11,13-14Ac (E)-11,13-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E11,13-14Al (E)-11,13-Tetradecadienal
E11-14Ac (E)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate
E11-14Al (E)-11-Tetradecenal
E11-14OH (E)-11-Tetradecen-1-ol
E12-14Ac (E)-12-Tetradecenyl acetate
E3-14Ac (E)-3-Tetradecenyl acetate
E3E5-14Ac (E,E)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E3Z5-14Ac (E,Z)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E3Z7-14Ac (E,Z)-3,7-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E3Z8-14Ac (E,Z)-3,8-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E3Z8Z11-14Ac (E,Z,Z)-3,8,11-Tetradecatrienyl acetate
E4Z10-14Ac (E,Z)-4,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E4Z9-14Ac (E,Z)-4,9-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E4Z9-14Al (E,Z)-4,9-Tetradecadienal
E5-14Ac (E)-5-Tetradecenyl acetate
E5-14OH (E)-5-Tetradecen-1-ol
E6-14Ac (E)-6-Tetradecenyl acetate
E7-14Ac (E)-7-Tetradecenyl acetate
E8-14Ac (E)-8-Tetradecenyl acetate
E8-14Formate (E)-8-Tetradecenyl formate
E8E10-14Ac (E,E)-8,10-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E8E10-14Al (E,E)-8,10-Tetradecadienal
E8Z10-14Al (E,Z)-8,10-Tetradecadienal
E9-14Ac (E)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate
E9-14OH (E)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol
E9E11-14Ac (E,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E9E12-14Ac (E,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
E9Z11-14Ac (E,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate isopropyl
Z7-tetradecenoate Isopropyl-(Z)-7-tetradecenoate
Z10-14Ac (Z)-10-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z10E12-14Ac (Z,E)-10,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z10Z12-14Ac (Z,Z)-10,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z10Z12-14OH (Z,Z)-10,12-Tetradecadien-1-ol
Z11,13-14Ac (Z)-11,13-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z11,13-14Al (Z)-11,13-Tetradecadienal
Z11,13-14Al (Z)-11,13-Tetradecadienal
Z11-14Ac (Z)-11-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z11-14Al (Z)-11-Tetradecenal
Z11-14OH (Z)-11-Tetradecen-1-ol
Z12-14Ac (Z)-12-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z3-14Ac (Z)-3-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z3E5-14Ac (Z,E)-3,5-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z5-14Ac (Z)-5-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z5-14Al (Z)-5-Tetradecenal
Z5-14OH (Z)-5-Tetradecen-1-ol
Z6-14Ac (Z)-6-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z7-14Ac (Z)-7-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z7-14Al (Z)-7-Tetradecenal
Z7-14OH (Z)-7-Tetradecen-1-ol
Z8-14Ac (Z)-8-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z8-14Formate (Z)-8-Tetradecenyl formate
Z8-14OH (Z)-8-Tetradecen-1-ol
Z9-14-nitrate (Z)-9-Tetradecenyl nitrate
Z9-14Ac (Z)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate
Z9-14Al (Z)-9-Tetradecenal
Z9-14Formate (Z)-9-Tetradecenyl formate
Z9-14OH (Z)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol
Z9E11,13-14Ac (Z,E)-9,11,13-Tetradecatrienyl acetate
Z9E11,13-14Al (Z,E)-9,11,13-Tetradecatrienal
Z9E11-14Ac (Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z9E11-14Al (Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadienal
Z9E11-14OH (Z,E)-9,11-Tetradecadien-1-ol
Z9E12-14Ac (Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z9E12-14Al (Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienal
Z9E12-14OH (Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadien-1-ol
Z9E12-14Propionate (Z,E)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl propionate
Z9Z11-14Ac (Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z9Z11-14Al (Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadienal
Z9Z11-14OH (Z,Z)-9,11-Tetradecadien-1-ol
Z9Z12-14Ac (Z,Z)-9,12-Tetradecadienyl acetate
Z9Z12-14OH (Z,Z)-9,12-Tetradecadien-1-ol
C-15
Δ-15Ac Pentadecenyl acetate
10me14me-15isobutyrate 10,14-Dimethylpentadecyl isobutyrate
10Rme14me-15isobutyrate (R)-10,14-Dimethylpentadecyl isobutyrate
10Sme14me-15isobutyrate (S)-10,14-Dimethylpentadecyl isobutyrate
15-2Kt Pentadecan-2-one
15Ac Pentadecyl acetate
15OH Pentadecan-1-ol
1E11-15Hy (E)-1,11-Pentadecadiene
1Z11-15Hy (Z)-1,11-Pentadecadiene
5me9me-15Hy 5,9-Dimethylpentadecane
6me10me14me-2-15OH 6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-pentadecanol
6Rme10Rme14me-2R-15OH (R,R)-6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-pentadecanol
E12-15Ac (E)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate
E8E10-15Ac (E,E)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate
E8Z10-15Ac (E,Z)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate
E9-15Ac (E)-9-Pentadecenyl acetate
E9Z11-15Al (E,Z)-9,11-Pentadecadienal
Z10-15Ac (Z)-10-Pentadecenyl acetate
Z10-15Al (Z)-10-Pentadecenal
Z12-15Ac (Z)-12-Pentadecenyl acetate
Z8-15Ac (Z)-8-Pentadecenyl acetate
Z8E10-15Ac (Z,E)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate
Z8Z10-15Ac (Z,Z)-8,10-Pentadecadienyl acetate
Z9-15Ac (Z)-9-Pentadecenyl acetate
C-16
Δ-16Ac Hexadecenyl acetate
Δ-16OH Hexadecen-1-ol
Δ10Δ12Δ14-16Ac 10,12,14-Hexadecatrienyl acetate
Δ11-16Ac 11-Hexadecenyl acetate
16Ac Hexadecyl acetate
16Al Hexadecanal
16OH Hexadecan-1-ol
2me-16Hy 2-Methylhexadecane
3me13me-16Hy 3,13-Dimethylhexadecane
5me9me-16Hy 5,9-Dimethylhexadecane
E10-16Al (E)-10-Hexadecenal
E10E12-16Ac (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate
E10E12-16Al (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal
E10E12-16OH (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadien-1-ol
E10E12E14-16Al (E,E,E)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienal
E10E12Z14-16Ac (E,E,Z)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienyl acetate
E10E12Z14-16Al (E,E,Z)-10,12,14-Hexadecatrienal
E10Z12-16Ac (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate
E10Z12-16Al (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienal, Bombykal
E10Z12-16OH (E,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadien-1-ol, Bombykol
E11-16Ac (E)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate
E11-16Al (E)-11-Hexadecenal
E11-16OH (E)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol
E11E13-16Ac (E,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate
E11E13-16Al (E,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienal
E11E13-16OH (E,E)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol
E11Z13-16Ac (E,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate
E11Z13-16Al (E,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienal
E11Z13-16OH (E,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol
E4E6Z10-16Ac (E,E,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrienyl acetate
E4E6Z10-16OH (E,E,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrien-1-ol
E4E6Z11-16Ac (E,E,Z)-4,6,11-Hexadecatrienyl acetate
E4E6Z11-16Al (E,E,Z)-4,6,11-Hexadecatrienal
E4Z6-16Ac (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienyl acetate
E4Z6-16Al (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadienal
E4Z6-16OH (E,Z)-4,6-Hexadecadien-1-ol
E4Z6Z10-16Ac (E,Z,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrienyl acetate
E4Z6Z10-16OH (E,Z,Z)-4,6,10-Hexadecatrien-1-ol
E5-16Ac (E)-5-Hexadecenyl acetate
E6-16Ac (E)-6-Hexadecenyl acetate
E6Z11-16Ac (E,Z)-6,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate
E6Z11-16Al (E,Z)-6,11-Hexadecadienal
E9Z11-16Al (E,Z)-9,11-Hexadecadienal methyl hexadecanoate Methyl hexadecanoate methyl hexadecenoate Methyl hexadecenoate
Y11-16Ac 11-Hexadecynyl acetate
Y11Z13-16Ac (Z)-13-Hexadecen-11-yn-1-ol acetate
Y11Z13-16Al (Z)-13-Hexadecen-11-ynal
Y11Z13-16OH (Z)-13-Hexadecen-11-yn-1-ol
Z10-16Ac (Z)-10-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z10-16Al (Z)-10-Hexadecenal
Z10E12-16Ac (Z,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z10E12-16Al (Z,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal
Z10Z12-16Al (Z,Z)-10,12-Hexadecadienal
Z11-16-trifluoroacetate (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl trifluoroacetate
Z11-16Ac (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z11-16Al (Z)-11-Hexadecenal
Z11-16Formate (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl formate
Z11-16nitrile (Z)-11-Hexadecenonitrile
Z11-16OH (Z)-11-Hexadecen-1-ol
Z11E13-16Ac (Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z11E13-16Al (Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadienal
Z11E13-16OH (Z,E)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol
Z11E14-16Ac (Z,E)-11,14-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z11Z13-16Ac (Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z11Z13-16Al (Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadienal
Z11Z13-16OH (Z,Z)-11,13-Hexadecadien-1-ol
Z12-16Ac (Z)-12-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z12-16Al (Z)-12-Hexadecenal
Z3-16Ac (Z)-3-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z5-16Ac (Z)-5-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z7-16Ac (Z)-7-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z7-16Al (Z)-7-Hexadecenal
Z7E11-16Ac (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z7E11-16Al (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadienal
Z7E11-16OH (Z,E)-7,11-Hexadecadien-1-ol
Z7Z11-16Ac (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z7Z11-16Al (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienal
Z7Z11-16OH (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadien-1-ol
Z8Z10-16Ac (Z,Z)-8,10-Hexadecadienyl acetate
Z9-16Ac (Z)-9-Hexadecenyl acetate
Z9-16Al (Z)-9-Hexadecenal
Z9-16nitrile (Z)-9-Hexadecenonitrile
Z9-16OH (Z)-9-Hexadecen-1-ol
Z9E11-16Al (Z,E)-9,11-Hexadecadienal
C-17
Δ-17Ac Heptadecenyl acetate
Δ-17Hy Heptadecene
16me-17isobutyrate 16-Methylheptadecyl isobutyrate
17-2Kt Heptadecan-2-one
17Ac Heptadecyl acetate
17Hy Heptadecane
2me-17Hy 2-Methylheptadecane
2me5me-17Hy 2,5-Dimethylheptadecane
2me5Rme-17Hy (R)-2,5-Dimethylheptadecane
2me5Sme-17Hy (S)-2,5-Dimethylheptadecane
3me13me-17Hy 3,13-Dimethylheptadecane
3Sme13Rme-17Hy (S,R)-3,13-Dimethylheptadecane
5me-17Hy 5-Methylheptadecane
5me11me-17Hy 5,11-Dimethylheptadecane
5me9me-17Hy 5,9-Dimethylheptadecane
5Rme11Sme-17Hy (R,S)-5,11-Dimethylheptadecane
5Sme9Sme-17Hy (S,S)-5,9-Dimethylheptadecane
7me-17Hy 7-Methylheptadecane
7me11me-17Hy 7,11-Dimethylheptadecane
7Sme-17Hy (S)-7-Methylheptadecane
cis6,7epo-2me-17Hy 2-Methyl-cis-6,7-epoxyheptadecane
meso-7me11me-17Hy (meso-7,11)-7,11-Dimethylheptadecane
Z11-17Ac (Z)-11-Heptadecenyl acetate
Z3Z6-cis9,10epo-17Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-Epoxyheptadecadiene
Z3Z6Z9-17Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Heptadecatriene
Z3Z9-cis6,7epo-17Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-Epoxyheptadecadiene
Z6Z9-17Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-Heptadecadiene
Z6Z9-3R4Sepo-17Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-(3R,4S)-3,4-Epoxyheptadecadiene
Z6Z9-3S4Repo-17Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-(3S,4R)-3,4-Epoxyheptadecadiene
Z6Z9-cis3,4epo-17Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-Epoxyheptadecadiene
Z9-16me-17isobutyrate (Z)-16-Methyl-9-heptadecenyl isobutyrate
Z9-cis6,7epo-17Hy (Z)-9-cis-6,7-Epoxyheptadecene
C-18
Δ-18Ac Octadecenyl acetate
Δ6-18isovalerate 6-Octadecenyl isovalerate
Δ6-18valerate 6-Octadecenyl valerate
Δ9-18isovalerate 9-Octadecenyl isovalerate
10me14me-1-18Hy 10,14-Dimethyl-1-octadecene
10Sme14Sme-1-18Hy (S,S)-10,14-Dimethyl-1-octadecene
14me-1-18Hy 14-Methyl-1-octadecene
14Sme-1-18Hy (S)-14-Methyl-1-octadecene
14Sme-18Hy (S)-14-Methyloctadecane
18Ac Octadecyl acetate
18Al Octadecanal
18OH Octadecan-1-ol
2me-18Hy 2-Methyloctadecane
2meZ7-18Hy 2-Methyl-(Z)-7-octadecene
5me9me-18Hy 5,9-Dimethyloctadecane
7R8Sepo-2me-18Hy (7R,8S)-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyloctadecane, (+)-Disparlure
7R8Sepo18Hy (7R,8S)-7,8-Epoxyoctadecane, (+)-Monachalure
7S8Repo-2me-18Hy (7S,8R)-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyloctadecane c
is7,8epo-2me-18Hy cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyloctadecane, Disparlure
E11-18Al (E)-11-Octadecenal
E11E14-18Al (E,E)-11,14-Octadecadienal
E13-18Al (E)-13-Octadecenal
E14-18Al (E)-14-Octadecenal
E2-18Ac (E)-2-Octadecenyl acetate
E2-18Al (E)-2-Octadecenal
E2Z13-18Ac (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
E2Z13-18Al (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienal
E2Z13-18OH (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-ol
E3E13-18Ac (E,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
E3Z13-18Ac (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
E3Z13-18OH (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadien-1-ol
epoxy-Z3Z6Z9-18Hy Epoxidized (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-octadecatriene methyl octadecadienoate Methyl octadecadienoate methyl octadecanoate Methyl octadecanoate methyl octadecenoate Methyl octadecenoate
Z11-18Ac (Z)-11-Octadecenyl acetate
Z11-18Al (Z)-11-Octadecenal
Z11-18OH (Z)-11-octadecen-1-ol
Z11Z13-18Al (Z,Z)-11,13-Octadecadienal
Z13-18Ac (Z)-13-Octadecenyl acetate
Z13-18Al (Z)-13-Octadecenal
Z13-18OH (Z)-13-Octadecen-1-ol
Z13Z15-18Al (Z,Z)-13,15-Octadecadienal
Z2E13-18Ac (Z,E)-2,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
Z2Z13-18Ac (Z,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
Z3E13-18Ac (Z,E)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
Z3Z13-18Ac (Z,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienyl acetate
Z3Z13-18Al (Z,Z)-3,13-Octadecadienal
Z3Z13-18OH (Z,Z)-3,13-Octadecadien-1-ol
Z3Z6-9,10epo-18Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-9,10-Epoxyoctadecadiene
Z3Z6-9R10Sepo-18Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9R,10S)-9,10-Epoxyoctadecadiene
Z3Z6-9S10Repo-18Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxyoctadecadiene
Z3Z6Z9-18Ac (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Octadecatrienyl acetate
Z3Z6Z9-18Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Octadecatriene
Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-6,7-Epoxyoctadecadiene
Z3Z9-6S7Repo-18Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6S,7R)-6,7-Epoxyoctadecadiene
Z6-9,10epo-18Hy (Z)-6-9,10-Epoxyoctadecene
Z6-9S10Repo-18Hy (Z)-6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxyoctadecene
Z6Z9-3,4epo-18Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-3,4-Epoxyoctadecadiene
Z7-18butyrate (Z)-7-Octadecenyl butyrate
Z7-18Hy (Z)-7-Octadecene
Z7-18isobutyrateb (Z)-7-Octadecenyl isobutyrate
Z7-18isovalerate (Z)-7-Octadecenyl isovalerate
Z7-18methylbutyrate (Z)-7-Octadecenyl methylbutyrate
Z9-18Al (Z)-9-Octadecenal
Z9-18isovalerate (Z)-9-Octadecenyl isovalerate
Z9-18methylbutyrate (Z)-9-Octadecenyl methylbutyrate
Z9-6,7epo-18Hy (Z)-9-6,7-Epoxyoctadecene
Z9Z12-18Al (Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienal
Z9Z12Z15-18Al (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-Octadecatrienal
C-19
19Hy Nonadecane
1E3Z6Z9-19Hy (E,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-Nonadecatetraene
1Z3Z6Z9-19Hy (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-Nonadecatetraene
2me-19Hy 2-Methylnonadecane
9Sme-19Hy (S)-9-Methylnonadecane epoxy-
Z3Z6Z9-19Hy Epoxidized (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene
Z12-19-9Kt (Z)-12-Nonadecen-9-one
Z3Z6-9,10epo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-9,10-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z6-9R10Sepo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9R,10S)-9,10-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z6-9S10Repo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z6-cis9,10epo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z6Z9-19Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Nonadecatriene
Z3Z6Z9E11-19Hy (Z,Z,Z,E)-3,6,9,11-Nonadecatetraene
Z3Z6Z9Z11-19Hy (Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,11-Nonadecatetraene
Z3Z9-6,7epo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-6,7-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z9-6R7Sepo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6R,7S)-6,7-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z9-6S7Repo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6S,7R)-6,7-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z3Z9-cis6,7epo-19Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z6-9S10Repo-19Hy (Z)-6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxynonadecene
Z6-cis9,10epo-19Hy (Z)-6-cis-9,10-Epoxynonadecene
Z6Z9-19-3Kt (Z,Z)-6,9-Nonadecadien-3-one
Z6Z9-19Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-Nonadecadiene
Z6Z9-3,4epo-19Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-3,4-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z6Z9-3R4Sepo-19Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-(3R,4S)-3,4-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z6Z9-3S4Repo-19Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-(3S,4R)-3,4-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z6Z9-cis3,4epo-19Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-Epoxynonadecadiene
Z7-19-11Kt (Z)-7-Nonadecen-11-one
Z9-19Hy (Z)-9-Nonadecene
Z9-6,7epo-19Hy (Z)-9-6,7-Epoxynonadecene
Z9-6R7Sepo-19Hy (Z)-9-(6R,7S)-6,7-Epoxynonadecene Z9-6S7Repo-19Hy (Z)-9-(6S,7R)-6,7-Epoxynonadecene
C-20
1Z3Z6-cis9,10epo-20Hy (Z,Z)-1,3,6-cis-9,10-Epoxyeicosatriene
1Z3Z6Z9-20Hy (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-Eicosatetraene
20Ac Eicosyl acetate
20Hy Eicosane
20OH Eicosan-1-ol
7R8Sepo-2me-20Hy (7R,8S)-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyleicosane, (+)-Xylinalure
7S8Repo-2me-20Hy (7S,8R)-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyleicosane, (-)-Xylinalure
epoxy-Z3Z6Z9-20Hy Epoxidized (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene
Z11Z14Z17-20 4-methylvalerate (Z,Z,Z)-11,14,17-icosatrienyl 4-methylvalerate
Z11Z14Z17-20isobutyrate (Z,Z,Z)-11,14,17-icosatrienyl isobutyrate
Z11Z14Z17-20methylheptanoate (Z,Z,Z)-11,14,17-icosatrienyl methylheptanoate
Z11Z14Z17-20n-butyrate (Z,Z,Z)-11,14,17-icosatrienyl n-butyrate
Z11Z14Z17-20n-hexanoate (Z,Z,Z)-11,14,17-icosatrienyl n-hexanoate
Z11Z14Z17-20n-valerate (Z,Z,Z)-11,14,17-icosatrienyl n-valerate
Z3Z6-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-Eicosadiene
Z3Z6-9R10Sepo-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9R,10S)-9,10-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z3Z6-9S10Repo-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z3Z6-cis9,10epo-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z3Z6Z9-20Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Eicosatriene
Z3Z9-6,7epo-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-6,7-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z3Z9-6R7Sepo-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6R,7S)-6,7-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z3Z9-6S7Repo-20Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6S,7R)-6,7-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z6-9,10epo-20Hy (Z)-6-9,10-Epoxyeicosene
Z6Z9-20-11OH (Z,Z)-6,9-Eicosadien-11-ol
Z6Z9-20Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-Eicosadiene
Z6Z9-3,4epo-20Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-3,4-Epoxyeicosadiene
Z7-20-11Kt (Z)-7-Eicosene-11-one Z9-20Hy (Z)-9-Eicosene
C-21
Δ-21Hy Heneicosene
11R-Z6Z9-21-11OH (11R)-(Z,Z)-6,9-Heneicosadien-11-ol
11S-Z6Z9-21-11OH (11S)-(Z,Z)-6,9-Heneicosadien-11-ol
1Z3Z6-9S10Repo-21Hy (Z,Z)-1,3,6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxyheneicosatriene
1Z3Z6-cis9,10epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-1,3,6-cis-9,10-Epoxyheneicosatriene
1Z3Z6Z9-21Hy (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-Heneicosatetraene
21Hy Heneicosane
epoxy-Z3Z6Z9-21Hy Epoxidized (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene
Z3-cis6,7-cis9,10diepo-21Hy (Z)-3-cis-6,7-cis-9,10-diepoxyheneicosene
Z3Z6-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-Heneicosadiene
Z3Z6-9,10epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-9,10-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z6-9R10Sepo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9R,10S)-9,10-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z6-9S10Repo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-(9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z6-cis9,10epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z6Z9-21Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Heneicosatriene
Z3Z9-6,7epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-6,7-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z9-6R7Sepo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6R,7S)-6,7-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z9-6S7Repo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-(6S,7R)-6,7-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z3Z9-cis6,7epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z6,13Sme-21Hy (Z)-6-(13S)-13-Methylheneicosene
Z6-21-11Kt (Z)-6-Heneicosene-11-one
Z6-21-9Kt (Z)-6-Heneicosene-9-one, Thyellinone
Z6-9,10epo-21Hy (Z)-6-9,10-Epoxyheneicosene
Z6-cis9,10epo-21Hy (Z)-6-cis-9,10-Epoxyheneicosene
Z6E8-21-11Kt (Z,E)-6,8-Heneicosadiene-11-one
Z6E9-21-11Kt (Z,E)-6,9-Heneicosadiene-11-one
Z6Z9,20-21Hy (Z,Z)-6,9,20-Heneicosatriene
Z6Z9-21-11Kt (Z,Z)-6,9-Heneicosadiene-11-one
Z6Z9-21Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-Heneicosadiene
Z6Z9-3,4epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-3,4-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z6Z9-cis3,4epo-21Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-Epoxyheneicosadiene
Z9-21Hy (Z)-9-Heneicosene
Z9-3R4Sepo-6S7Repo-21Hy (Z)-9-(3R,4S)-(6S,7R)-Diepoxyheneicosene
Z9-3S4Repo-6S7Repo-21Hy (Z)-9-(3S,4R)-(6S,7R)-Diepoxyheneicosene
C-22
22Ac Docosyl acetate
22Hy Docosane
Z3Z6Z9-22Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Docosatriene
Z3Z9-6,7epo-22Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-6,7-Epoxydocosadiene
Z6Z9-22-11OH (Z,Z)-6,9-Docosadien-11-ol
Z6Z9-22Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-Docosadiene
Z7Z13Z16Z19-22isobutyrate (Z,Z,Z,Z)-7,13,16,19-Docosatetraen-1-ol isobutyrate
C-23
23Hy Tricosane
Z3Z6-9,10epo-23Hy (Z,Z)-3,6-9,10-Epoxytricosadiene
Z3Z6Z9-23Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Tricosatriene
Z3Z9-6,7epo-23Hy (Z,Z)-3,9-6,7-Epoxytricosadiene
Z6Z9-23Hy (Z,Z)-6,9-Tricosadiene
Z7-23-11Kt (Z)-7-Tricosan-11-one
C-24
24Ac Tetracosyl acetate 24Hy Tetracosane
C-25
25Hy Pentacosane Z3Z6Z9-25Hy (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Pentacosatriene
C-26
26Hy Hexacosane
C-27
27Hy Heptacosane
C-28
28Hy Octacosane
C-29
29Hy Nonacosane
Sandalwood: Properties and Uses (Indian Mysore Sandal)
Sandalwood is the name of different fragrant woods. These woods are yielded by trees in the genus Santalum, which are often used for the essential oil it contains. The wood is heavy and yellow in color as well as fine-grained, and unlike many other aromatic woods it retains its fragrance for decades. The sandalwood fragrance is very distinctive and is used in countless applications. Sandalwood has been valued and treasured for many years for its fragrance, carving, medical and religious qualities.
Genuine sandalwoods Santalum album
True sandalwoods are medium-sized hemiparasitic trees of the Genus Santalum. Santalum album is the most notable members of this Genus in India. Several other members of the genus also have fragrant wood and are found across India, Australia, Indonesia, and the Pacific Islands. Mysore district of Karnataka in India is known globally for Sandalwood and its originality.
Santalum album, or Indian sandalwood, is currently a threatened species and consequently very expensive. It is indigenous to South India, and grows in the Western Ghats and a few other mountain ranges like the Kalrayan and Shevaroyan Hills. Although all sandalwood trees in India and Nepal are government-owned and their harvest is strictly controlled, many trees are illegally cut down and smuggled out of the country.
Sandalwood essential oil prices have risen up to $1,000–1,500 per kg in the last 5 years. Some countries regard the sandal oil trade as ecologically harmful because it encourages the overharvesting of sandalwood trees. Sandalwood from the Mysore region of Karnataka, Southern India is widely considered to be of the highest quality available.
New plantations have been set up with international aid in Tamilnadu in order to gain the economic benefits of sandalwood production. Today, in Kununurra in Western Australia, Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) is being grown on a very large scale. Huge plantations surround this picturesque little town.
Production Sandalwood leafProducing commercially valuable sandalwood with high levels of fragrance oils, requires Santalum trees to be around eight years of age as a minimum, but a preference of fourteen years and above is present. Australia is now the largest producer of Santalum album with a majority being grown around Kununurra, Western Australia.
Unlike most trees, sandalwood is harvested by toppling the entire tree instead of sawing them down at the trunk. This way, valuable wood from the stump and root can also be sold or processed for oil.
Properties of sandalwood oil:
Promotes hydration and moisture, preventing wrinkles
Softens and soothes the skin
Effective in relieving dehydrated skin – making it great for anti-ageing skincare
Relieves itching and inflation of the skin
Acts as an astringent which has great toning effect on the skin
Fights oily skin conditions
Prevents the skin from forming ugly scars and fights dry eczema and skin cancer
Fragrance creates a calming and harmonizing effect
Reduces tension and confusion
Ideal use in depression, hectic daily lifestyles and states of fear, stress, nervousness and anxiety
Usage
Fragrance
Sandalwood essential oil provides perfumes with a striking wood base note. Sandalwood smells somewhat like other wood scents, except it has a bright and fresh edge with few natural analogues. When used in smaller proportions in a perfume, it is an excellent fixative to enhance the head space of other fragrances.
The oil from sandalwood is widely used in the cosmetic industry and is expensive. The true sandalwood is a protected species, and demand for it cannot be met in full. Many species of plants are traded under the name of "sandalwood". Within the genus Santalum alone, there are more than nineteen species that can be called sandalwood. Traders will often accept oil from closely related species, such as various species in the genus Santalum, as well as from unrelated plants such as West Indian Sandalwood (Amyris balsamifera) in the family Rutaceae.
Used for religious worships and ceremonies:
Hinduism
Sandalwood paste is integral to rituals and ceremonies, to mark religious utensils and to decorate the icons of the deities. It is also distributed thereafter to devotees, who apply it to the forehead or the neck and chest. Preparation of the paste is considered a duty fit only for the pure, and is therefore entrusted in temples and during ceremonies only to priests.
The paste is prepared by grinding pieces of the wood by hand upon granite slabs shaped for the purpose. With slow addition of water a thick paste results, which is mixed with saffron or other such pigments to make Chandan.
Sandalwood is considered in alternative medicine to bring one closer to the divine. Sandalwood essential oil, which is very expensive in its pure form, is used primarily for Ayurvedic purposes and treating anxiety.
Buddhism
Sandalwood is considered to be of the padma (lotus) group and attributed to Amitabha Buddha. Sandalwood scent is believed to transform one's desires and maintain a person's alertness while in meditation. Sandalwood is also one of the more popular scents used for incense used when offering incense to the Buddha.
It is said to have been used for embalming the corpses of princes in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) from the 9th century.
Medicine
Sandalwood essential oil was popular in medicine up to 1920-1930, mostly as an urogenital (internal) and skin (external) antiseptic. Its main component beta-santalol (~90%) has antimicrobial properties. It is used in aromatherapy and to prepare soaps. Due to this antimicrobial activity, it can be used to clear skin from blackheads and spots, but it must always be properly diluted with a carrier oil. Because of its strength, sandalwood oil should never be applied to the skin without being diluted in a carrier oil.
Technology
Due to its low fluorescence and optimal refractive index, sandalwood oil is often employed as an immersion oil within ultraviolet and fluorescence microscopy.
Distillation
Sandalwood is distilled in a four-step process, incorporating boiling, steaming, condensation and separation.
Food
Australian Aborigines ate the seed kernels, nuts, and fruit of local sandalwoods, such as quandong (Santalum acuminatum).
The most well- known product of Sandalwood in India is the Mysore Sandal Soap manufactured and sold by Wipro.
Genuine sandalwoods Santalum album
True sandalwoods are medium-sized hemiparasitic trees of the Genus Santalum. Santalum album is the most notable members of this Genus in India. Several other members of the genus also have fragrant wood and are found across India, Australia, Indonesia, and the Pacific Islands. Mysore district of Karnataka in India is known globally for Sandalwood and its originality.
Santalum album, or Indian sandalwood, is currently a threatened species and consequently very expensive. It is indigenous to South India, and grows in the Western Ghats and a few other mountain ranges like the Kalrayan and Shevaroyan Hills. Although all sandalwood trees in India and Nepal are government-owned and their harvest is strictly controlled, many trees are illegally cut down and smuggled out of the country.
Sandalwood essential oil prices have risen up to $1,000–1,500 per kg in the last 5 years. Some countries regard the sandal oil trade as ecologically harmful because it encourages the overharvesting of sandalwood trees. Sandalwood from the Mysore region of Karnataka, Southern India is widely considered to be of the highest quality available.
New plantations have been set up with international aid in Tamilnadu in order to gain the economic benefits of sandalwood production. Today, in Kununurra in Western Australia, Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) is being grown on a very large scale. Huge plantations surround this picturesque little town.
Production Sandalwood leafProducing commercially valuable sandalwood with high levels of fragrance oils, requires Santalum trees to be around eight years of age as a minimum, but a preference of fourteen years and above is present. Australia is now the largest producer of Santalum album with a majority being grown around Kununurra, Western Australia.
Unlike most trees, sandalwood is harvested by toppling the entire tree instead of sawing them down at the trunk. This way, valuable wood from the stump and root can also be sold or processed for oil.
Properties of sandalwood oil:
Promotes hydration and moisture, preventing wrinkles
Softens and soothes the skin
Effective in relieving dehydrated skin – making it great for anti-ageing skincare
Relieves itching and inflation of the skin
Acts as an astringent which has great toning effect on the skin
Fights oily skin conditions
Prevents the skin from forming ugly scars and fights dry eczema and skin cancer
Fragrance creates a calming and harmonizing effect
Reduces tension and confusion
Ideal use in depression, hectic daily lifestyles and states of fear, stress, nervousness and anxiety
Usage
Fragrance
Sandalwood essential oil provides perfumes with a striking wood base note. Sandalwood smells somewhat like other wood scents, except it has a bright and fresh edge with few natural analogues. When used in smaller proportions in a perfume, it is an excellent fixative to enhance the head space of other fragrances.
The oil from sandalwood is widely used in the cosmetic industry and is expensive. The true sandalwood is a protected species, and demand for it cannot be met in full. Many species of plants are traded under the name of "sandalwood". Within the genus Santalum alone, there are more than nineteen species that can be called sandalwood. Traders will often accept oil from closely related species, such as various species in the genus Santalum, as well as from unrelated plants such as West Indian Sandalwood (Amyris balsamifera) in the family Rutaceae.
Used for religious worships and ceremonies:
Hinduism
Sandalwood paste is integral to rituals and ceremonies, to mark religious utensils and to decorate the icons of the deities. It is also distributed thereafter to devotees, who apply it to the forehead or the neck and chest. Preparation of the paste is considered a duty fit only for the pure, and is therefore entrusted in temples and during ceremonies only to priests.
The paste is prepared by grinding pieces of the wood by hand upon granite slabs shaped for the purpose. With slow addition of water a thick paste results, which is mixed with saffron or other such pigments to make Chandan.
Sandalwood is considered in alternative medicine to bring one closer to the divine. Sandalwood essential oil, which is very expensive in its pure form, is used primarily for Ayurvedic purposes and treating anxiety.
Buddhism
Sandalwood is considered to be of the padma (lotus) group and attributed to Amitabha Buddha. Sandalwood scent is believed to transform one's desires and maintain a person's alertness while in meditation. Sandalwood is also one of the more popular scents used for incense used when offering incense to the Buddha.
It is said to have been used for embalming the corpses of princes in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) from the 9th century.
Medicine
Sandalwood essential oil was popular in medicine up to 1920-1930, mostly as an urogenital (internal) and skin (external) antiseptic. Its main component beta-santalol (~90%) has antimicrobial properties. It is used in aromatherapy and to prepare soaps. Due to this antimicrobial activity, it can be used to clear skin from blackheads and spots, but it must always be properly diluted with a carrier oil. Because of its strength, sandalwood oil should never be applied to the skin without being diluted in a carrier oil.
Technology
Due to its low fluorescence and optimal refractive index, sandalwood oil is often employed as an immersion oil within ultraviolet and fluorescence microscopy.
Distillation
Sandalwood is distilled in a four-step process, incorporating boiling, steaming, condensation and separation.
Food
Australian Aborigines ate the seed kernels, nuts, and fruit of local sandalwoods, such as quandong (Santalum acuminatum).
The most well- known product of Sandalwood in India is the Mysore Sandal Soap manufactured and sold by Wipro.
Nannari/ Indian sarsaparilla Sharbat
Botanical name: Hemidesmus indicus
Preparation Time : 15 minutes
Cooking Time : 15 minutes
Serves / Makes : 1 squash bottle
Ingredients:
Indian Sarasaparilla(nannari) roots 100gms
Water 1 litre
Sugar 1 kg
Lemon 6
Method:
Break the sarasaparilla roots into 1"-2" pieces.
Dry very well in hot sun.Ligtly crush and remove the hard portion inside.
Powder it fine in a dry grinder.
Boil the water, remove from the stove and add this powder,mixing well.
Leave for 8-10 hrs undisturbed.
Strain using fine muslin cloth, add sugar.
Put on stove again.Heat stirring continuously ( to prevent sugar sticking at the bottom) till you get a slightly sticky consistency.
Remove, cool well and add juice from the lemons.
More lime juice is optional.
This preserves very well.
Comments & Tips
To 1 portion of syrup add 3 portions ice water and put it in a blender for few seconds.
A few cubes of the fleshy and icy palm fruit(Tadgola) can also cut into cubes and added. In Tamil Nadu, this is a very popular drink especially to beat the heat of the soaring sun.
Some juice vendors add sliced bananas as well to it.
It fizzes very well and tastes very good.
Preparation Time : 15 minutesCooking Time : 15 minutes
Serves / Makes : 1 squash bottle
Ingredients:
Indian Sarasaparilla(nannari) roots 100gms
Water 1 litre
Sugar 1 kg
Lemon 6
Method:
Break the sarasaparilla roots into 1"-2" pieces.
Dry very well in hot sun.Ligtly crush and remove the hard portion inside.
Powder it fine in a dry grinder.
Boil the water, remove from the stove and add this powder,mixing well.
Leave for 8-10 hrs undisturbed.
Strain using fine muslin cloth, add sugar.
Put on stove again.Heat stirring continuously ( to prevent sugar sticking at the bottom) till you get a slightly sticky consistency.
Remove, cool well and add juice from the lemons.
More lime juice is optional.
This preserves very well.
Comments & Tips
To 1 portion of syrup add 3 portions ice water and put it in a blender for few seconds.
A few cubes of the fleshy and icy palm fruit(Tadgola) can also cut into cubes and added. In Tamil Nadu, this is a very popular drink especially to beat the heat of the soaring sun.
Some juice vendors add sliced bananas as well to it.
It fizzes very well and tastes very good.
How to make alcohol at home
You can make alcohol at home using sugar and yeast. This will be a very basic alcohol which can be used to make several types of alcoholic drinks or fruit and alcohol based beverages. The ingredients are easily available and so is the equipment required to make the alcohol. It is important to remember that making alcohol is a commercially licensed activity and it is illegal to make and sell alcohol without the necessary permits. Check your local laws before undertaking this activity. Think of this article as gathering general knowledge rather than an invitation on how to make illicit alcohol. Here's how to make alcohol. Step 1:Materials and equipment required.
To make about 5.5 gallons of homemade alcohol, you will need:
18 pounds of granulated table sugar
One packet of super yeast or distillers yeast
Tap or distilled water - 5.5 gallons
A clean metal pot to prepare the sugar solution
A 7.5 gallon food grade bucket with lid (alternatively use can use a plastic or glass carboy) Rubber gasket and grommet (one each)
A bubbler airlock
Fining agent to clarify the alcohol - isinglass or a mix of kieselsol and chitosan
Carbon filter Liquor/wine bottles or mason jars with lids or cork stoppers for storage
Large spoon or ladle for stirring Sanitizer (available at home-brewing or winemaking shops)
Step 2:Sanitize all the equipment. Use a sanitizer, which is available at any of the specialty shops mentioned in step one, to clean all the equipment - bucket, spoon, airlock, etc - which will be used in the process of making alcohol. If the equipment is new, then you may skip this step.
Step 3:Making the sugar solution. In a clean metal pot, add the water and sugar to create the sugar solution. Make sure that the water being used is warm (about 90F). Once the sugar is completely dissolved, pour the solution into the fermenting bucket or carboy.
Step 4:Add the yeast. Add the entire contents of the yeast packet into the sugar solution and stir to let the yeast completely mix with the solution.
Step 5:Covering the solution. Make a hole on the plastic lid of the bucket in which you can fit the rubber grommet. Use the rubber gasket to line the inner circumference of the lid, so that when it is covered over the bucket the cover is sealed airtight. Fix the bubble airlock on to the rubber grommet firmly and add some clean water or vodka in the airlock to allow carbon dioxide to be released from the solution, but not allow any air in.
Step 6:Fermentation. Place the covered bucket in a place where the temperature is around 70-80F. Allow the fermentation process to go on for about 12-15 days as the yeast converts the sugar into alcohol. The airlock will bubble a lot while the fermentation is active, so the complete stoppage of all bubbling in the airlock will confirm that the process is complete.
Step 7:Clarify and filter the alcohol. Once fermentation has ceased, use a fining agent such as icinglass or a mix of kieselsol and chitosan, to remove all suspended yeast or other particles in the alcohol. Reseal the bucket after adding the fining agent and let the liquid sit for another 2-3 days. At the end of this period, pour out the liquid into another clean, airtight vessel without the bottom layer of sediment. Pass the liquid through a food-grade carbon filter to further remove any particles or impurities and pour the finished and distilled alcohol into clean liquor/wine bottles or mason jars.
Your homemade alcohol is now ready to be used; you can mix it with a variety of fruit juices or add liquor flavorings. Make sure that the alcohol is stored in airtight bottles or containers. Avoid drinking the alcohol straight, it not only tastes awful, but can also give you a massive headache. Now that you know how to make homemade alcohol, you can brag to your friends at your next cocktail party that you actually made their drinks!
Synthesis of Aspirin: How to prepare Oil of Wintergreen.
Organic chemistry can be defined as chemical reactions between molecules that contain carbon in a large part of their structure. Often these organic molecules contain many covalent bonds, which are the type of bonds found between two non-metal atoms. If you look on the periodic table you will see that only a small portion of the elements are considered to be nonmetals, including C, N, O, S, Cl, and F. This small number of elements can be bonded together in different amounts, bonding types (single, double triple bonds), and structural patterns to form over 10 million known molecules! The billions of dollars generated by the pharmaceutical industry is a prime example of how important organic chemistry is to our modern day society. In this experiment you will perform an organic synthesis to make aspirin. Aspirin is thetrade name for the molecule acetylsalicylic acid (aren’t you glad we don’t have to use “that” name when you have a headache).
The earliest known use of this molecule has been traced back to the fifth century B.C. The Greek physician Hippocrates described an extract of willow tree bark, a bitter powder that could be used to reduce fevers. In 1829, Salicin was isolated from willow bark and used as a pain reliever. Unfortunately Salicin was not very popular since it was found to be very acidic and a stomach irritant. In 1897 a German chemist named Felix Hoffman was working for the Bayer chemical company. Hoffman was looking for a less acidic pain reliever that his father could take for his arthritis. His research led to the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or aspirin. Bayer patented the name and commenced to market the product in 1899. It was a huge success and sales grew rapidly. In fact, the company set up by Friedrich Bayer & Company is generally reckoned to have been the first pharmaceutical company, and the production of aspirin is generally accepted to have laid the foundation of the modern pharmaceutical industry.
Interestingly enough it wasn’t until the 1970’s that scientists began to understand how aspirin actually worked as a pain reliever. Today 80 billion aspirin tablets are consumed every year across the globe to reduce fevers, relieve pain, and even help prevent heart attacks.
In commercial aspirin products, a small amount of ASA (300 to 400 mg) is bound together with a starch binder and sometimes caffeine and buffers to make an aspirin tablet. The basic conditions in the small intestine break down the ASA to yield salicylic acid, which is absorbed into the bloodstream. The addition of a buffer reduces the irritation caused by the carboxylic acid group of the aspirin molecule. Aspirin can be produced in a one step chemical process by reacting salicylic acid with acetyl chloride, according to the reaction:
The earliest known use of this molecule has been traced back to the fifth century B.C. The Greek physician Hippocrates described an extract of willow tree bark, a bitter powder that could be used to reduce fevers. In 1829, Salicin was isolated from willow bark and used as a pain reliever. Unfortunately Salicin was not very popular since it was found to be very acidic and a stomach irritant. In 1897 a German chemist named Felix Hoffman was working for the Bayer chemical company. Hoffman was looking for a less acidic pain reliever that his father could take for his arthritis. His research led to the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or aspirin. Bayer patented the name and commenced to market the product in 1899. It was a huge success and sales grew rapidly. In fact, the company set up by Friedrich Bayer & Company is generally reckoned to have been the first pharmaceutical company, and the production of aspirin is generally accepted to have laid the foundation of the modern pharmaceutical industry.
Interestingly enough it wasn’t until the 1970’s that scientists began to understand how aspirin actually worked as a pain reliever. Today 80 billion aspirin tablets are consumed every year across the globe to reduce fevers, relieve pain, and even help prevent heart attacks.
In commercial aspirin products, a small amount of ASA (300 to 400 mg) is bound together with a starch binder and sometimes caffeine and buffers to make an aspirin tablet. The basic conditions in the small intestine break down the ASA to yield salicylic acid, which is absorbed into the bloodstream. The addition of a buffer reduces the irritation caused by the carboxylic acid group of the aspirin molecule. Aspirin can be produced in a one step chemical process by reacting salicylic acid with acetyl chloride, according to the reaction:
Aspirin is a white solid that is almost completely insoluble in water. We will use this physical property of our product to separate it from the final solution.If time allows, we will synthesize methyl salicylate, which is another ester of salicylic acid. It occurs in a wide range of plants and is known as ‘oil of wintergreen’. It is still used in candies and in ointments for joint and muscle pains.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is used to separate and identify aspirin. Small amounts of the synthesized product, starting material (salicylic acid) and commercial aspirin are placed along one edge of a chromatography plate. The plate is then placed in a container with solvent. With the plate acting like a wick, the solvent flows up the chromatogram, carrying the samples with it. Molecules that are more soluble in the solvent will move higher on the paper; the molecules that are more attracted to the plate will remain closer to the original line. After removing the plate, the samples can be detected wit UV light.
Safety Notes
1. The acetyl chloride and pyridine should only be dispensed in a hood.
2. Always wear appropriate eye protection and gloves while handling the chemicals.
Procedure
Part I: Synthesis of Aspirin
1. Heat approximately 150 mL of water in a 250 mL beaker using a hot plate. (Set-up the hot plate under the hood.)
2. To a large test tube, add 1 g of salicylic acid, a boiling chip, and 8 small drops of 85% phosphoric acid (H3PO4.)
3. Add 2 mL of acetic anhydride. Use the acetic anhydride to wash the other reagents to the bottom of the test tube.
4. Mix the reactants thoroughly with a glass stirring rod, and then heat the reaction tube in the beaker of hot water at ~90°C for 5 min.
5. Cautiously add 1.5 mL of d H2O dropwise to the reaction mixture. This step will decompose excess acetic anhydride and be exothermic (give off heat.)
6. When the reaction is over, add 2 mL more water and allow the tube to cool slowly to room temperature. Allow the solution to sit for 10 min. If crystallization does not occur during the cooling process, add a seed crystal or scratch the inside of the tube with a glass stirring rod.
7. Cool the tube in ice until crystallization is complete, and then remove the crystals using vacuum filtration. Wash the crystals with a very small quantity of ice cold water.
8. Place the product onto a piece of filter paper and squeeze the crystals between sheets of filter paper to absorb excess water. Allow to air dry while performing
Part II of this experiment.
9. After you have completed Part II, weigh the crystals and record the weight.10. With the help of the instructor, prepare and obtain an IR spectrum of your product.
Part II: Synthesis of Wintergreen
1. Weigh approximately 1g of salicylic acid and place in a test tube.
2. Add 10mL of methanol to the test tube and gently shake the test tube until all of the salicylic acidhas dissolved.
3. Carefully add 20 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to the test tube.
4. Stir the contents in the test tube with a stirring rod.
5. Place the test tube in the water bath for approximately two minutes.
6. Remove the test tube from the water bath and carefully sniff the contents. If you smell wintergreen then you have made methyl salicylate.
Oil of wintergreen is the active ingredient in all formulations made for Pain Relief like Relispray, Fast Relief, Wintogeno, Volini. etc.
Salycylic acid: A agrochemical(Fungicide)
Salycylic acid, the acid of which the acetyl derivative is used widely as the most proved and tested analgesic and antipyretic, under the name ASPIRIN, was surprisingly found to be a potent agrochemical.
Salylic acid was tested as a non-conventional agrochemical on the fruit rot disease of Amla(Aonla/Indian Gooseberry) caused by penicillium citrinum under in vitro conditions. Salylic acid at 0.001M was found effective in reducing the fruit rot severity. this chemical showed no fungitoxicity at its concentration when tested by poisoned technique.
Salylic acid was tested as a non-conventional agrochemical on the fruit rot disease of Amla(Aonla/Indian Gooseberry) caused by penicillium citrinum under in vitro conditions. Salylic acid at 0.001M was found effective in reducing the fruit rot severity. this chemical showed no fungitoxicity at its concentration when tested by poisoned technique.
List of Combination products of Agrochemicals
Carbendazim + mancozeb WP
Chlorpyriphos + Cypermethrin EC
Cypermethrin + Quinalphos EC
Deltamethrin + Triazophos EC
Ethion + Cypermethrin EC
Mancozeb + metalaxyl WP
Profenofos + Cypermethrin EC
Streptomycin + Tetracycline
List of Herbicides/ Weedicides
Anilophos EC
Atrazine WP
BPMC/Fenobucarb EC
Butalachlor EC, GR
Clodinafop propargyl WP
2, 4-D Sodium salt WP
2, 4-D Dimethylamine Salt SL
2, 4-D Ethyl ester EC
Fenoxaprop-P-Ethyl EC
Glyphosate SL
Imazethapyr SL
Isoproturon WP
Metribuzin WP
Oxyfluorfen EC
Paraquat dichloride SL
Pendimethalin EC
Pretilachlor EC
Sulfosulfuron WDG
Metsulfuron methyl WP
Triclopyr EC
List of Fungicides
Carbendazim WP, SC
Tricyclazole WP
Copper oxychloride WP
Hexaconazole EC, SC
Mancozeb WP
Metalaxyl WS
Propiconazole EC
Propineb WP
Sulphur WP, DP, WDG, SC
Thiophanate methyl WP
Thiram WP, DS
Validamycin SL
Ziram SC
List of Insecticides
Acephate SP
Acetamiprid SP
Aluminium phosphide Tablets
Alphacypermethrin EC, SC
Bifenthrin EC
Buprofezin SC
Carbaryl DP, WP
Cartap hydrochloride GR,SP
Chlorpyriphos Ethyl EC, WP, GR, DP
Cypermethrin EC, DP
Deltamethrin EC, SC, DP, WP
Diazinon EC, GR
Dichlorvos(DDVP) EC
Dicofol EC
Dimethoate EC
Emamectin benzoate EC
Endosulfan EC, DP
Ethion EC
Fipronil SC, GR
Fenvalerate EC, DP
Imidacloprid SL, WS, SC, WG, FS
Indoxacarb SC
Lambda cyhalothrin EC, WP
Malation EC, DP
Methyl parathion EC, DP
Monocrotophos SL
Oxydemeton methyl EC
Permethrin EC, DP
Phosphamidon SL
Profenofos EC, DP
Quinalphos EC, DP
Temephos EC, GR
Thiamethoxam WDG
Triazophos EC
Zinc phosphide WP
Acetamiprid SP
Aluminium phosphide Tablets
Alphacypermethrin EC, SC
Bifenthrin EC
Buprofezin SC
Carbaryl DP, WP
Cartap hydrochloride GR,SP
Chlorpyriphos Ethyl EC, WP, GR, DP
Cypermethrin EC, DP
Deltamethrin EC, SC, DP, WP
Diazinon EC, GR
Dichlorvos(DDVP) EC
Dicofol EC
Dimethoate EC
Emamectin benzoate EC
Endosulfan EC, DP
Ethion EC
Fipronil SC, GR
Fenvalerate EC, DP
Imidacloprid SL, WS, SC, WG, FS
Indoxacarb SC
Lambda cyhalothrin EC, WP
Malation EC, DP
Methyl parathion EC, DP
Monocrotophos SL
Oxydemeton methyl EC
Permethrin EC, DP
Phosphamidon SL
Profenofos EC, DP
Quinalphos EC, DP
Temephos EC, GR
Thiamethoxam WDG
Triazophos EC
Zinc phosphide WP
Trichoderma viride: A natural biopesticide, biofungicide and water treatment agent.
Trichoderma viride, is a fungus, showing some benefits in use in the environment, and hence, it is also used as a bio-fungicide. Though it is a pathogen causing Green Mold Rot in Onion, it is used for various seed and oil treatment for suppression of various diseases caused by fungal pathogens.
They have evolved numerous mechanisms for both attack of other fungi and for enhancing plant and root growth such as: Mycoparasitism Antibiosis Competition for nutrients or space Tolerance to stress through enhanced root and plant development Solubilization and sequestration of inorganic nutrients Induced resistance Inactivation of the pathogen’s enzymes by secreting certain plant growth stimulating substance.
Uses
Used in Collar rot caused by Pellicularia rolfsii
Root rot caused by Pellicularis filamentosa
Dry rot caused by Macrophomina phaseoli
Loose smut caused by Ustilago segetum tritici
Karnal bunt diseases
Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseoli
Black surf caused by Rhizoctonia solani
Seedling blight caused by Pythium
Damping off caused by Pythium sp. Phytophthora sp.
Foot rots of Pepper and betel vine.
Capsule rot of several crops.
Effective against silver leaf on plum, peach & nectarine
Dutch elm disease on elm's honey fungus (Armillaria mellea) on a range of tree species
Botrytis caused by Botrytis cinerea
Effective against rots on a wide range of crops, caused by fusarium, Rhizoctonia, and pythium, and sclerotium forming pathogens such as Sclerotinia & Sclerotium
Recommended Crops
Trichoderma viride is used in protecting crops such as cauliflower, cotton, tobacco, soybean, sugarcane, sugarbeet, eggplant, red gram, Bengal gram, banana, tomato, chillies, potato, citrus, onion, groundnut, peas, sunflower, brinjal, coffee, tea, ginger, turmeric, pepper, betel vine, cardamom.
Precautions & Compatibility Data
Precautions
Do not use chemical fungicide after application of Trichoderma viride for 4-5 days.
Compatibility
It is compatible with Organic manure. It can be applied to seeds treated with metalaxyl or thiram but not mercurials. It can be mixed with chemical fungicides as tank mix. It is compatible with biofertilizers like Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Bacillus Subtilis and Phosphobacteria.
The product is also available under the Trade name Tricopar-V produced by Exotic Naturals.
Trichoderma viride is also helpful in treatment of efffluents. The dyes and chemical industries have Malachite Green as one of the effluents, which is harmful for the aquatic life. However, with introduction of trichoderma viride, it was observed that the dye was consumed by the fungus and that the dye can be separated, thus helping in the treatment of effluents.
Biopesticides: Challenges
The indiscriminate use and the negative impact of pesticides have made scientists to search for eco-friendly alternative for the management of pests for healthy and safer environment and to prevent the hazard to man and livestock. The essence of the global plant protection research of this era is to confront the twin challenges of urgent need to increase agricultural yields yet to conserve or improve the natural resources for the future.
This search has ended in economically viable and environmentally safer alternative, the biological control. This technology either standing alone or as a component of integrated pest management has attracted increasing interest, partly in order to reduce dependence upon pesticides. The success of biological control is influenced by the efficiency, virulence, compatibility and mass production of the bioagents. In turn, the success of mass production and marketing mainly depends on cost effectiveness and viability of the bioagents. In view of this, the mass production of the fungal and bacterial antagonist, Tirchoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorscens on various cheaper and easily available raw materials was done.
This search has ended in economically viable and environmentally safer alternative, the biological control. This technology either standing alone or as a component of integrated pest management has attracted increasing interest, partly in order to reduce dependence upon pesticides. The success of biological control is influenced by the efficiency, virulence, compatibility and mass production of the bioagents. In turn, the success of mass production and marketing mainly depends on cost effectiveness and viability of the bioagents. In view of this, the mass production of the fungal and bacterial antagonist, Tirchoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorscens on various cheaper and easily available raw materials was done.
How to remove Dandruff
Dandruff is the common skin problem that we face in our daily life. With dandruff your hairs loose their beauty and can even become a nightmare for you. Healthy hairs make you attractive while hairs with dandruff can spoil your personality. So be cautious about your looks and get rid of unwanted ‘flakes’ – get rid of dandruff.
Dandruff is also considered to be fungal infection of the scalp. This condition may recur, if not taken proper care. The normal shampoos contain just soaping and cleansing agents. However, there are many medicated shampoos, which do have Ketoconazole as the active ingredient and sodium lauryl sulphate as the emulsifier and some artificial foaming agents. Also note that all teh chemical compounds belonging to the class of Azoles have significant antifungal effects. However, these chemicals do have potential side-effects as well.
Hence, herbal products or natural product extracts or home remedies are considered to be better than the corresponding synthetic chemicals. The synthetic chemicals, though they are advertised to be safer and prepared from safer chemicals, they are still not safer even for topical applications as the research of these substances with the bodily functions and their interactions with food are not much established.
What are these dandruffs?
Dandruffs are nothing but flakes. In general, there are two types of dandruffs – dry and oily. White flakes and itching effects on the scalp is the result of dry dandruff. Oily dandruff, on the other hand, will make your hair sticky with yellow flakes. In worst case, a bad smell may come from your dandruff-affected hair.
There are several reasons behind the dandruff. These are: •
Poor diet
Excessive tension and stress
Infected scalp
Hormonal imbalances
Dry weatherPollution
Too much use of different hair cosmetics without proper guidance of a skin specialist or a beautician
It has been found that adults and adolescents are affected by dandruff more than children. This is due to the disturbance of androgen hormone and daily tension.
Get rid of dandruff
Using anti-dandruff shampoo while washing your hair is the easiest way to make your hair dandruff free. But regular use of shampoo, without taking the guidance of a hair/skin specialist can harm the original beauty of your hair. Therefore, if you are caught by dandruff, first go to a skin specialist to identify the root of the problem.
Proper diet takes a great role to remove dandruff. Taking more animal fat and unsaturated vegetable oils can harm your scalp. For that you may need to sacrifice some of your favorite dishes. Get a diet chart from a skin specialist and make sure you are not consuming chocolate, iodized salt, and nuts and foods, which are high in calories.
Balanced intake of Vitamin A, E and B Complex is important for long and healthy hair. Include green vegetables, chicken, fish and milk in your diet chart, and you will get these vitamins in proper quantity. Drink sufficient water, since it takes good care of your skin.
Dandruff is the dead cell of our scalp and this happens due to the disturbance of blood circulation in the scalp. Go for ‘Yoga’ therapy or massage, for it will help circulating blood in the scalp. It is also important to brush your hair gently - on a regular basis.
Researches have found that use of herbal shampoo on every other day is very effective to reduce oily dandruff. Like oily dandruff, dry dandruff also needs extensive care. To remove them massage your hair with the oil prescribed by the skin specialist. Move your fingertips gently on the scalp and leave for few minutes before washing your hair.
In this fast moving world it may not be possible get hair therapy in every week. Time is a big factor for busy people who are suffering form dandruff. Some cosmetic treatments, which can be done at home, can work like magic for them. Even others can also try these to make their hair attractive and dandruff free.
If you are suffering from oily flakes, rinse your hair with vinegar. For this, you have to follow some easy steps:•
Fill a mug with fresh water
Mix two tablespoons of malt Vinegar in it
Use shampoo in your hair that is prescribed by a skin specialist
Rinse your hair with Vinegar mixed water
Dry your hair with a clean towel
On the other hand, if you are suffering from dry and white flakes, use oil massage. Following are the steps to take oil massage:
Make a mixture of hot Castor oil (1 teaspoon), Coconut oil (1 teaspoon) and Mole oil (1 teaspoon)• Massage gently with the mixture on your scalp
Keep the hair for about 30 minutes
Wash your hair with a prescribed shampoo
Dry your hair with a clean towel.
You can also try this method of making your hair dandruff-free and lustrous,
Collect fine sand from the sea-shore.
Put it in a bucket of water.
Wash your hairs along with the water of the pure sand.
While scrubbing softly, the fine sand also helps in removing the dandruff.
Here, the chemicals that are involved in helping to remove dandruff are the inorganic chemicals in the fine sand.
Dandruff is also considered to be fungal infection of the scalp. This condition may recur, if not taken proper care. The normal shampoos contain just soaping and cleansing agents. However, there are many medicated shampoos, which do have Ketoconazole as the active ingredient and sodium lauryl sulphate as the emulsifier and some artificial foaming agents. Also note that all teh chemical compounds belonging to the class of Azoles have significant antifungal effects. However, these chemicals do have potential side-effects as well.
Hence, herbal products or natural product extracts or home remedies are considered to be better than the corresponding synthetic chemicals. The synthetic chemicals, though they are advertised to be safer and prepared from safer chemicals, they are still not safer even for topical applications as the research of these substances with the bodily functions and their interactions with food are not much established.
What are these dandruffs?
Dandruffs are nothing but flakes. In general, there are two types of dandruffs – dry and oily. White flakes and itching effects on the scalp is the result of dry dandruff. Oily dandruff, on the other hand, will make your hair sticky with yellow flakes. In worst case, a bad smell may come from your dandruff-affected hair.
There are several reasons behind the dandruff. These are: •
Poor diet
Excessive tension and stress
Infected scalp
Hormonal imbalances
Dry weatherPollution
Too much use of different hair cosmetics without proper guidance of a skin specialist or a beautician
It has been found that adults and adolescents are affected by dandruff more than children. This is due to the disturbance of androgen hormone and daily tension.
Get rid of dandruff
Using anti-dandruff shampoo while washing your hair is the easiest way to make your hair dandruff free. But regular use of shampoo, without taking the guidance of a hair/skin specialist can harm the original beauty of your hair. Therefore, if you are caught by dandruff, first go to a skin specialist to identify the root of the problem.
Proper diet takes a great role to remove dandruff. Taking more animal fat and unsaturated vegetable oils can harm your scalp. For that you may need to sacrifice some of your favorite dishes. Get a diet chart from a skin specialist and make sure you are not consuming chocolate, iodized salt, and nuts and foods, which are high in calories.
Balanced intake of Vitamin A, E and B Complex is important for long and healthy hair. Include green vegetables, chicken, fish and milk in your diet chart, and you will get these vitamins in proper quantity. Drink sufficient water, since it takes good care of your skin.
Dandruff is the dead cell of our scalp and this happens due to the disturbance of blood circulation in the scalp. Go for ‘Yoga’ therapy or massage, for it will help circulating blood in the scalp. It is also important to brush your hair gently - on a regular basis.
Researches have found that use of herbal shampoo on every other day is very effective to reduce oily dandruff. Like oily dandruff, dry dandruff also needs extensive care. To remove them massage your hair with the oil prescribed by the skin specialist. Move your fingertips gently on the scalp and leave for few minutes before washing your hair.
In this fast moving world it may not be possible get hair therapy in every week. Time is a big factor for busy people who are suffering form dandruff. Some cosmetic treatments, which can be done at home, can work like magic for them. Even others can also try these to make their hair attractive and dandruff free.
If you are suffering from oily flakes, rinse your hair with vinegar. For this, you have to follow some easy steps:•
Fill a mug with fresh water
Mix two tablespoons of malt Vinegar in it
Use shampoo in your hair that is prescribed by a skin specialist
Rinse your hair with Vinegar mixed water
Dry your hair with a clean towel
On the other hand, if you are suffering from dry and white flakes, use oil massage. Following are the steps to take oil massage:
Make a mixture of hot Castor oil (1 teaspoon), Coconut oil (1 teaspoon) and Mole oil (1 teaspoon)• Massage gently with the mixture on your scalp
Keep the hair for about 30 minutes
Wash your hair with a prescribed shampoo
Dry your hair with a clean towel.
You can also try this method of making your hair dandruff-free and lustrous,
Collect fine sand from the sea-shore.
Put it in a bucket of water.
Wash your hairs along with the water of the pure sand.
While scrubbing softly, the fine sand also helps in removing the dandruff.
Here, the chemicals that are involved in helping to remove dandruff are the inorganic chemicals in the fine sand.